文章來源：《國資報告》雜志 發布時間：2019-12-11
2018年(nian)5月(yue)11日召開的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央全(quan)(quan)面深化(hua)改革(ge)委員(yuan)會第二次會議審議通(tong)過了《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央企(qi)業領導人員(yuan)管理規(gui)定(ding)》，為新時代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色社會主義背景下，如何(he)加強黨對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央企(qi)業的(de)領導、如何(he)實現中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央企(qi)業領導人員(yuan)作用的(de)充分發(fa)揮(hui)，作出(chu)了全(quan)(quan)面的(de)規(gui)定(ding)，是建立和完善中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色現代國(guo)有(you)企(qi)業制度的(de)頂層設計與微(wei)觀規(gui)制的(de)基本規(gui)范。
“尚賢者，政之本也”。經(jing)(jing)過新中(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)立以來(lai)(lai)尤其是改革(ge)開放40年以來(lai)(lai)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展，我(wo)國(guo)已經(jing)(jing)建(jian)立起比較完善的(de)社會主義市場經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)制，國(guo)民經(jing)(jing)濟和(he)社會發(fa)(fa)展取得了(le)長(chang)足(zu)的(de)進步(bu)。但是，這些進步(bu)與我(wo)們的(de)改革(ge)目標相比還有(you)差距(ju)。當前，我(wo)國(guo)社會主要(yao)矛盾已經(jing)(jing)發(fa)(fa)生了(le)變化，面臨的(de)國(guo)內(nei)國(guo)際形勢(shi)都更(geng)加(jia)復雜，在這種情(qing)況(kuang)下，加(jia)強和(he)完善中(zhong)央企(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導人員的(de)選拔和(he)管理(li)，就成為決定國(guo)家未來(lai)(lai)經(jing)(jing)濟社會發(fa)(fa)展的(de)重要(yao)基(ji)礎性工作。
毛澤東(dong)同志曾說：“政治路(lu)線確定之后，干(gan)部(bu)就(jiu)是決定的(de)(de)因素”。2016年10月(yue)，習近平總(zong)書(shu)記在全國(guo)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)黨(dang)的(de)(de)建(jian)設工(gong)作會(hui)(hui)議上強調：堅持黨(dang)組織對國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)選(xuan)人(ren)用人(ren)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)和把(ba)關作用不能變，著力培養一支宏(hong)大(da)的(de)(de)高素質(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)員隊伍。十九大(da)報(bao)告明確指(zhi)出(chu)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色社會(hui)(hui)主義(yi)最本質(zhi)的(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)，黨(dang)政軍(jun)民學，東(dong)西南北中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，黨(dang)是領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)一切(qie)的(de)(de)。新時代加強黨(dang)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)重要抓手，就(jiu)是堅持黨(dang)管干(gan)部(bu)原則。2009年11月(yue)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)辦公廳、國(guo)務(wu)院辦公廳印發了《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)員管理暫行規定》，就(jiu)是要造(zao)就(jiu)高素質(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)隊伍，實現國(guo)有資產(chan)保值(zhi)增(zeng)值(zhi)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)又(you)好又(you)快發展。現在在黨(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)下修訂(ding)出(chu)臺《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)員管理規定》，就(jiu)是在總(zong)結經(jing)驗的(de)(de)基礎上，推(tui)出(chu)比較成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)員選(xuan)拔、激勵和管理規范，使中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)員能夠切(qie)實履行職責，實現國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)做(zuo)強做(zuo)優做(zuo)大(da)的(de)(de)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)改革和發展目標。
黨(dang)(dang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)干(gan)部，需要(yao)加強(qiang)制(zhi)度創新。《規定》就是(shi)黨(dang)(dang)對(dui)中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)制(zhi)度的(de)不斷完善，是(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)制(zhi)度創新。加強(qiang)黨(dang)(dang)對(dui)中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)，不是(shi)要(yao)把國有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)死，讓我(wo)(wo)們的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)噤若寒蟬、唯(wei)唯(wei)諾(nuo)諾(nuo)、不敢作為(wei)。而是(shi)要(yao)在保證打造出一(yi)支對(dui)黨(dang)(dang)忠誠、勇于創新、治(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)方(fang)、興(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)為(wei)、清正廉潔的(de)高(gao)素質(zhi)(zhi)專業(ye)化(hua)中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)隊伍的(de)基(ji)礎上，激發和保護企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)家(jia)精神，使中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)區別于黨(dang)(dang)政領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)干(gan)部，形成能領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)更好地適應社會主義市(shi)場(chang)經濟(ji)的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)家(jia)群(qun)體，成為(wei)實現我(wo)(wo)國經濟(ji)由高(gao)速增(zeng)長向高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)增(zeng)長的(de)領(ling)(ling)(ling)頭(tou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。這一(yi)新時代中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)領(ling)(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)群(qun)體將是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國中(zhong)國特色社會主義建設的(de)中(zhong)堅(jian)力(li)量(liang)。這一(yi)群(qun)體的(de)形成，必將極大(da)提(ti)高(gao)我(wo)(wo)國國有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)競爭(zheng)力(li)和引領(ling)(ling)(ling)力(li)。
十八屆三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全會通過了《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)關(guan)于(yu)全面(mian)(mian)深化改(gai)(gai)革(ge)若干(gan)重(zhong)大問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)》，《決定(ding)》明確指出(chu)(chu)：經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)是(shi)全面(mian)(mian)深化改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點，核心問(wen)題是(shi)處理好政府和(he)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系，是(shi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)在資源(yuan)配置中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)起決定(ding)性(xing)作(zuo)用和(he)更好發(fa)揮政府作(zuo)用。這(zhe)一(yi)重(zhong)大判斷(duan)，將我國對經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)推(tui)向了一(yi)個新的(de)(de)(de)高度。同時(shi)，習近平總(zong)書記就《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)關(guan)于(yu)全面(mian)(mian)深化改(gai)(gai)革(ge)若干(gan)重(zhong)大問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)》向全會所作(zuo)說明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指出(chu)(chu)，國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)是(shi)推(tui)進(jin)國家現代化、保障人(ren)(ren)民共同利益的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要力(li)量。經(jing)過多年改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)總(zong)體(ti)上已(yi)經(jing)同市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)相融合。因此，究(jiu)其實質(zhi)，“政府和(he)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)”的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系具體(ti)落實到實踐層面(mian)(mian)，就是(shi)國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)機制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系。因此，《規定(ding)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提出(chu)(chu)對敢于(yu)負責、勇(yong)于(yu)擔(dan)當(dang)、善于(yu)作(zuo)為、業(ye)績突出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)，應當(dang)及時(shi)提拔(ba)重(zhong)用，激(ji)勵(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)講擔(dan)當(dang)、重(zhong)擔(dan)當(dang)；建立容錯糾錯機制(zhi)(zhi)，引導(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)爭當(dang)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)促進(jin)派、實干(gan)家；堅持物質(zhi)激(ji)勵(li)與精神激(ji)勵(li)相結(jie)合、短期激(ji)勵(li)與任期激(ji)勵(li)相結(jie)合等措(cuo)施，激(ji)發(fa)企(qi)業(ye)領(ling)導(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)創新活力(li)和(he)創業(ye)動(dong)力(li)。這(zhe)些措(cuo)施，都(dou)是(shi)對建設(she)適應中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國特色社會主義市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展要求的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)家隊伍的(de)(de)(de)正向激(ji)勵(li)，是(shi)將黨(dang)管(guan)干(gan)部原則與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)機制(zhi)(zhi)相統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)事制(zhi)(zhi)度改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大成果。
國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業，是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色(se)社(she)會主義(yi)制(zhi)度的根本保障，是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟社(she)會發(fa)(fa)展和人民(min)利益的重要力量，積極探索對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業領頭人的管(guan)理(li)規(gui)范，是(shi)(shi)保證(zheng)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業在(zai)新(xin)時代更好發(fa)(fa)揮引領作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的關鍵；而(er)為(wei)了(le)社(she)會主義(yi)市場(chang)經濟體制(zhi)的成熟，讓國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業更好地在(zai)世(shi)界市場(chang)經濟大潮中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)拼搏，離不開具有(you)(you)(you)“紅色(se)”心(xin)臟(zang)、體魄健(jian)康、人格健(jian)全(quan)(quan)、能力卓越的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業家隊(dui)伍。所以(yi)，《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業領導人員(yuan)管(guan)理(li)規(gui)定》的出(chu)臺，無疑是(shi)(shi)為(wei)全(quan)(quan)面深化改革的核(he)心(xin)任務提出(chu)了(le)全(quan)(quan)新(xin)方案，實現了(le)黨管(guan)干部(bu)和發(fa)(fa)揮市場(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)統一(yi)，也將為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)培育出(chu)具有(you)(you)(you)全(quan)(quan)球競爭力的世(shi)界一(yi)流(liu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業筑牢了(le)人才之基，這是(shi)(shi)實現中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)族偉大復興中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)夢的基礎性工程。
當(dang)然，再好的(de)制度或規(gui)(gui)定，要發揮(hui)出應有(you)(you)的(de)作用，不僅需(xu)(xu)要落實(shi)，還需(xu)(xu)要能夠不斷糾錯(cuo)和完善。《中(zhong)(zhong)央企(qi)業(ye)領導人員管(guan)理(li)規(gui)(gui)定》也需(xu)(xu)要在執行(xing)過程中(zhong)(zhong)不斷發現(xian)問題、發現(xian)落實(shi)的(de)難點(dian)和缺陷，注意(yi)區分(fen)行(xing)政(zheng)干部(bu)和企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)理(li)者(zhe)的(de)差別，形成具有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國特色、又符(fu)合企(qi)業(ye)家一般要求(qiu)的(de)科學的(de)考評體系，為中(zhong)(zhong)央企(qi)業(ye)領導人減負松綁、激發活力，真正使《規(gui)(gui)定》簡(jian)便易行(xing)、有(you)(you)效管(guan)用。(中(zhong)(zhong)國人民大學教授、國務院參事(shi)室(shi)特約研究(jiu)員 張(zhang)旭(xu))