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黨的(de)十(shi)九屆(jie)四中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)會作出(chu)了(le)堅(jian)持和(he)完(wan)善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特色社會主義(yi)制度(du)、推進國(guo)(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)(zhi)理體(ti)(ti)系和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理能(neng)力(li)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)決定。完(wan)善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特色現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)企業(ye)制度(du)，是堅(jian)持和(he)完(wan)善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特色社會主義(yi)制度(du)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要內容；健全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)公(gong)(gong)司(si)法人治(zhi)(zhi)理結構，是推進國(guo)(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)(zhi)理體(ti)(ti)系和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理能(neng)力(li)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)(hua)的(de)題中(zhong)(zhong)應有(you)(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)意。構建系統完(wan)備、科學(xue)規范(fan)(fan)、運行有(you)(you)(you)(you)效的(de)制度(du)體(ti)(ti)系，把制度(du)優勢(shi)更好(hao)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為企業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)理效能(neng)，是我國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)改革的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要任務。在深化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)改革、建立(li)完(wan)善現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)企業(ye)制度(du)的(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院國(guo)(guo)(guo)資委始終(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)學(xue)習借鑒世界范(fan)(fan)圍內公(gong)(gong)司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理的(de)經驗成果，和(he)新加坡淡(dan)馬錫公(gong)(gong)司(si)進行了(le)長期合作交流并多次組(zu)織(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)央企業(ye)負責人實地(di)考察。

45年(nian)(nian)里，淡(dan)馬錫資產凈值增長近千倍，復(fu)合年(nian)(nian)化(hua)股(gu)東(dong)總回報率(lv)為(wei)15%。作為(wei)一(yi)個單一(yi)國有股(gu)東(dong)的企業能(neng)夠取(qu)得這(zhe)樣(yang)的成就，在世界范圍內(nei)極為(wei)罕(han)見。近期(qi)(qi)，我有幸參(can)加了國資委組織的淡(dan)馬錫董事論壇（第(di)27期(qi)(qi)）。結(jie)合長期(qi)(qi)對淡(dan)馬錫的研究思考(kao)和此次(ci)實地考(kao)察(cha)學習，我認為(wei)，淡(dan)馬錫在堅持(chi)政企分開、明確功能(neng)定位、強化(hua)多元化(hua)決策、堅持(chi)投資收益(yi)最大化(hua)方面有深入探索，形成了協調運轉、有效制衡的公司(si)法人治(zhi)理結(jie)構(gou)，對國有企業尤其是中央企業完(wan)善公司(si)治(zhi)理結(jie)構(gou)有一(yi)定啟(qi)發(fa)意(yi)義(yi)。

一、堅持政企分開，清晰對國有企業授權邊界

1、新加(jia)坡(po)(po)(po)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)和(he)淡馬(ma)錫的(de)“一臂(bei)(bei)之距(ju)”。政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)和(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業的(de)關系是國有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業管(guan)理的(de)世界性難題(ti)。新加(jia)坡(po)(po)(po)國有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業也經歷過政(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)不分的(de)階段，后來新加(jia)坡(po)(po)(po)以淡馬(ma)錫為(wei)核心(xin)進行了(le)政(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)分開(kai)的(de)改革，改革關鍵是政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)和(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業保(bao)持(chi)恰當距(ju)離，這個距(ju)離被稱為(wei)“一臂(bei)(bei)之距(ju)”。

首先，政府對(dui)(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控通過法(fa)律(lv)來實現(xian)(xian)。淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)是根據新(xin)加坡(po)憲法(fa)而成立的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)家機構(gou)，有(you)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)憲法(fa)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)保護淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)積(ji)累的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲備金(jin)。其(qi)次，政府對(dui)(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)有(you)著清(qing)晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)鏈條(tiao)(tiao)。淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)股權(quan)結(jie)構(gou)非常簡單，新(xin)加坡(po)財政部對(dui)(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)實行專(zhuan)管(guan)，切斷(duan)了其(qi)他政府部門對(dui)(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾。最后，財政部對(dui)(dui)(dui)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)控是清(qing)單式的(de)(de)(de)(de)股東行為，除確(que)定淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)董事(shi)會(hui)(hui)成員和(he)總(zong)裁，審查(cha)淡(dan)(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)業績表(biao)現(xian)(xian)外，其(qi)余權(quan)力(li)基本上授(shou)予了董事(shi)會(hui)(hui)。

2、清(qing)晰(xi)授權、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)分(fen)開(kai)是(shi)深(shen)化(hua)我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革(ge)的(de)重點。在世界(jie)(jie)范圍內，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)不(bu)分(fen)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管理中(zhong)的(de)通病。淡(dan)馬錫執行董事兼(jian)CEO何晶認為(wei)：“政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府一開(kai)始就(jiu)讓淡(dan)馬錫獨立運作，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府不(bu)干涉企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)經營(ying)和(he)經營(ying)策略的(de)制(zhi)定(ding)，是(shi)新加坡國(guo)(guo)有(you)經濟(ji)成功的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)。世界(jie)(jie)上很多企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之所(suo)以失(shi)敗，是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)它們無法成功的(de)理清(qing)控(kong)股責任(ren)(ren)和(he)管理責任(ren)(ren)之間的(de)關(guan)系。”同樣，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)70年(nian)的(de)發展(zhan)歷(li)史中(zhong)，如何更好(hao)地處理好(hao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府和(he)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)關(guan)系一直是(shi)困擾(rao)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)的(de)難題之一。

黨(dang)的(de)(de)十八(ba)大(da)以來(lai)，黨(dang)中央、國(guo)(guo)務院相繼發布了《關(guan)(guan)(guan)于全面深(shen)(shen)(shen)化(hua)改革若干(gan)(gan)重(zhong)大(da)問題(ti)的(de)(de)決(jue)定(ding)》《關(guan)(guan)(guan)于深(shen)(shen)(shen)化(hua)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業改革的(de)(de)指導意見(jian)》《關(guan)(guan)(guan)于改革和(he)完善國(guo)(guo)有(you)資(zi)產管理(li)體制的(de)(de)若干(gan)(gan)意見(jian)》《改革國(guo)(guo)有(you)資(zi)本授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)經營體制方案》等文件，都要求依法(fa)理(li)順政(zheng)府與國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)出資(zi)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)，促(cu)使(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業真正成(cheng)為依法(fa)自(zi)主經營、自(zi)負盈(ying)虧、自(zi)擔風險、自(zi)我約(yue)束、自(zi)我發展的(de)(de)獨立市(shi)場主體。可(ke)以說，政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)(kai)、政(zheng)資(zi)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)(kai)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業深(shen)(shen)(shen)化(hua)改革的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)之(zhi)一。新加坡對淡馬(ma)錫的(de)(de)清單式、法(fa)律式的(de)(de)管理(li)，對我們有(you)啟發意義。政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)(kai)、政(zheng)資(zi)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)并不是(shi)徹底斷開(kai)(kai)(kai)政(zheng)府和(he)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)，而是(shi)明確(que)出資(zi)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)、委(wei)托代理(li)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)、授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)邊(bian)界等，確(que)立國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)市(shi)場主體地位，最(zui)大(da)限度降低(di)政(zheng)府對市(shi)場運行(xing)的(de)(de)直接(jie)干(gan)(gan)預。貫徹落實十九屆四(si)中全會(hui)的(de)(de)要求，當(dang)前需要重(zhong)點考(kao)慮(lv)將權(quan)(quan)責關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)基本原則(ze)轉化(hua)為可(ke)操作細則(ze)，通(tong)過法(fa)律、章程或者清單明確(que)權(quan)(quan)力邊(bian)界。

二、做實多元化董事會，實現權力制衡

1、淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)有著實(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)在在的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)。淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)公(gong)司治理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做(zuo)實(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)。淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)成(cheng)員(yuan)和(he)總(zong)經(jing)理(li)(li)由(you)提名委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)向(xiang)新(xin)加坡(po)財政(zheng)(zheng)部提名，由(you)財政(zheng)(zheng)部向(xiang)總(zong)統(tong)提名，最(zui)后由(you)總(zong)統(tong)批(pi)準。淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)擁有實(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)體(ti)現在三個方(fang)面：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)在重大事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)項上(shang)有著實(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)在在的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，包括治理(li)(li)、對(dui)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)負責、制(zhi)定長(chang)(chang)(chang)遠戰略、選擇經(jing)理(li)(li)層、通(tong)過(guo)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)大會(hui)對(dui)投(tou)資公(gong)司行使股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組成(cheng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)，董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)源于(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)官員(yuan)、下屬企業領(ling)袖(xiu)和(he)社會(hui)商(shang)業人士，且(qie)(qie)獨(du)立董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或者外(wai)部董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)占絕對(dui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)數地位，相當一(yi)部分來(lai)自于(yu)新(xin)加坡(po)之(zhi)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)跨國公(gong)司領(ling)袖(xiu)。這種設計(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)西方(fang)公(gong)司治理(li)(li)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大突破(po)，淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)并非是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或者產權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)，本質是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治理(li)(li)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)而不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)體(ti)現在權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)分配(pei)和(he)制(zhi)衡(heng)(heng)。不(bu)(bu)同(tong)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)角色有著制(zhi)衡(heng)(heng)細(xi)則：董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)總(zong)裁由(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)人擔任；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)副董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)只能來(lai)自獨(du)立董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，不(bu)(bu)可來(lai)自股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)執行董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)副董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)能加入審(shen)計(ji)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)擔任領(ling)袖(xiu)與薪酬(chou)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)主(zhu)席(xi)；執行董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)僅一(yi)人且(qie)(qie)需兼任淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)總(zong)裁；總(zong)裁不(bu)(bu)能加入審(shen)計(ji)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)；股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能參與領(ling)袖(xiu)培(pei)育與薪酬(chou)委(wei)員(yuan)會(hui)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)在投(tou)票(piao)出現平局時有二次投(tou)票(piao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或者決(jue)定性投(tou)票(piao)。這些復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度設計(ji)，形成(cheng)了制(zhi)衡(heng)(heng)甚至監(jian)督。和(he)西方(fang)國家大不(bu)(bu)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有一(yi)分錢的(de)(de)(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，做(zuo)實(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)或管理(li)(li)層持股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)現治理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)。整體(ti)來(lai)看，淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)雖無(wu)產權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)授權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)而有實(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)，運作中形成(cheng)了明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)制(zhi)衡(heng)(heng)，和(he)經(jing)理(li)(li)層權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)邊界非常清(qing)晰。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)值得(de)我國國有企業董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)建設學習借鑒的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面。

2、董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)建設的關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化治理(li)(li)。從世界(jie)范圍來看，公(gong)司(si)治理(li)(li)尤其是(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)建設的實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐是(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)樣的。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)看到(dao)，英(ying)美式(shi)(shi)、德式(shi)(shi)、日(ri)式(shi)(shi)、新(xin)式(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)各(ge)不(bu)相同。我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業完善公(gong)司(si)治理(li)(li)結構到(dao)了新(xin)的階(jie)段，形式(shi)(shi)已經不(bu)再成為問題，關鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)發揮(hui)實(shi)(shi)(shi)效。建立董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)，或大或小都需要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅決(jue)清(qing)晰的授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)，董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)的科學決(jue)策(ce)一方面取決(jue)于董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)的多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)組成，一方面取決(jue)于董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)的有(you)效制(zhi)衡。當(dang)前(qian)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)繼續解決(jue)“內部(bu)(bu)人(ren)(ren)控制(zhi)”、外部(bu)(bu)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)難以(yi)發揮(hui)作用的現象。國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業管(guan)理(li)(li)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)黨和(he)人(ren)(ren)民(min)把國(guo)(guo)有(you)資產交(jiao)給企(qi)業領導人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)經營管(guan)理(li)(li)。黨委(wei)成員(yuan)(yuan)也好、董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)也好、經理(li)(li)層也好，本(ben)質上都是(shi)(shi)黨派來的干部(bu)(bu)。一股獨大但不(bu)能(neng)(neng)個(ge)別人(ren)(ren)說了算，關鍵(jian)并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)股權(quan)(quan)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化而是(shi)(shi)治理(li)(li)的多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)民(min)主集(ji)中(zhong)制(zhi)的本(ben)質體現。國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業或中(zhong)央企(qi)業在落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業功能(neng)(neng)界(jie)定和(he)分類基礎上做實(shi)(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)，首先(xian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)優化董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)組成，如果還無法全(quan)球選(xuan)擇、至少(shao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)全(quan)黨選(xuan)擇、全(quan)國(guo)(guo)選(xuan)擇。其次要(yao)(yao)(yao)賦予董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)權(quan)(quan)力，讓(rang)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在授(shou)(shou)權(quan)(quan)范圍內自主決(jue)定，要(yao)(yao)(yao)把董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)長(chang)和(he)總經理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)力邊(bian)界(jie)分清(qing)楚(chu)。最后要(yao)(yao)(yao)完善董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)各(ge)專業委(wei)員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)并(bing)授(shou)(shou)予其實(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)在在的權(quan)(quan)力，使其能(neng)(neng)夠負(fu)起(qi)應有(you)的責任。

三、堅持“管資本”，推動國有企業市場化商業化運作

1、商業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運(yun)作的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)收(shou)益(yi)和(he)資(zi)本回報是檢驗國(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)改革發展成(cheng)效的(de)(de)有效清晰的(de)(de)標準。淡馬(ma)錫在(zai)世界(jie)上引以為(wei)傲的(de)(de)是其40多(duo)年來較高的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)回報。淡馬(ma)錫成(cheng)立之初就(jiu)把(ba)商業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運(yun)作和(he)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)收(shou)益(yi)最大化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)作為(wei)基(ji)本目標，雖然在(zai)早期要兼顧更多(duo)社會責(ze)任(ren)，但在(zai)近年來已(yi)經徹底轉型(xing)成(cheng)為(wei)一家(jia)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)企(qi)業(ye)。淡馬(ma)錫提出的(de)(de)轉型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)體、增長中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)產階級、顯著的(de)(de)比較優勢、新興的(de)(de)龍頭企(qi)業(ye)等四大投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)主題(ti)，和(he)以壽命延長、財富增加、可持續生活方式、智(zhi)能系統、共享(xiang)經濟(ji)、世界(jie)互聯互通等六(liu)大趨勢為(wei)依據的(de)(de)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)策略(lve)，對國(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)尤其是中(zhong)(zhong)央企(qi)業(ye)有著很(hen)強的(de)(de)借鑒(jian)意義。這就(jiu)值得(de)我(wo)們深思，國(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)改革發展如何堅(jian)持遵循市場經濟(ji)規(gui)律(lv)(lv)和(he)企(qi)業(ye)發展規(gui)律(lv)(lv)，不斷提升資(zi)本配(pei)置效率，強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)“管資(zi)本”改革？

2、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是推動(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)合(he)理(li)流動(dong)優化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)配(pei)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。2015年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院《關(guan)于(yu)深(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)指導意見(jian)》指出：堅持權(quan)利(li)、義務(wu)、責任相統一(yi)，堅持激勵機(ji)制(zhi)和約(yue)束機(ji)制(zhi)相結(jie)合(he)，促使國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)真(zhen)正(zheng)成(cheng)為依(yi)法自(zi)主(zhu)經(jing)營(ying)、自(zi)負盈虧、自(zi)擔風險、自(zi)我(wo)約(yue)束、自(zi)我(wo)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨立市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)。這既是社(she)(she)會主(zhu)義市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，也是深(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律。市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)把(ba)(ba)(ba)投(tou)資(zi)收(shou)益和資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)回報(bao)視為根本(ben)(ben)(ben)目(mu)標，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)例外。“管資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)”是通過(guo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)實現(xian)戰(zhan)略目(mu)標。當前(qian)需要(yao)(yao)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)定位和分類(lei)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)強化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運作。在(zai)實際中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，公共利(li)益、公共服務(wu)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家戰(zhan)略和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)效益本(ben)(ben)(ben)質(zhi)上(shang)(shang)并無本(ben)(ben)(ben)質(zhi)矛盾。只有(you)(you)(you)堅持市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運作，把(ba)(ba)(ba)投(tou)資(zi)收(shou)益和資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)回報(bao)放在(zai)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)位置，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)形成(cheng)對(dui)(dui)商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)類(lei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)清晰授權(quan)，完(wan)善(shan)激勵約(yue)束機(ji)制(zhi)，讓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)尤其(qi)是商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)類(lei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)走向(xiang)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)投(tou)資(zi)運營(ying)公司的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略任務(wu)就是優化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)投(tou)資(zi)方向(xiang)和領(ling)(ling)域，調(diao)整國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)向(xiang)關(guan)系國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家安全、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)經(jing)濟命脈和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)計民(min)(min)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵領(ling)(ling)域、重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)基礎設施集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，向(xiang)前(qian)瞻性戰(zhan)略產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，向(xiang)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)核心(xin)競爭(zheng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。當前(qian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)(dui)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控制(zhi)力理(li)解(jie)不(bu)深(shen)、運用不(bu)熟，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)過(guo)多沉淀在(zai)傳(chuan)統行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)甚至(zhi)過(guo)剩產能(neng)(neng)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)流動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)活性不(bu)足，在(zai)一(yi)些新(xin)(xin)興的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)領(ling)(ling)域競爭(zheng)力、創新(xin)(xin)力、控制(zhi)力、影響力、抗風險能(neng)(neng)力明顯不(bu)足，在(zai)前(qian)瞻性戰(zhan)略性產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)上(shang)(shang)缺(que)乏主(zhu)動(dong)性和冒(mao)險精神。破解(jie)這些問題，需要(yao)(yao)以商(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)維和方式(shi)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)握社(she)(she)會發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢、把(ba)(ba)(ba)握全球發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)機(ji)遇。

四、堅持實事求是，不斷深化國有企業改革

1、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要內容。從世界(jie)(jie)范(fan)圍來看，企業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成部分(fen)(fen)，企業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)水平(ping)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)環境(jing)息息相關。2019年(nian)10月9日，世界(jie)(jie)經(jing)(jing)濟論壇發(fa)(fa)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《全球競爭(zheng)力報告》，對(dui)全球141個經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)(ti)進行競爭(zheng)力綜合評價，新(xin)加(jia)坡(po)躍居第一名，其(qi)(qi)優(you)(you)秀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)制(zhi)度(du)(du)設計和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)能力、行之有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創辦企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法是(shi)關鍵(jian)成功因素(su)。可以清(qing)楚地看到，西(xi)方(fang)(fang)發(fa)(fa)達國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)企業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善和(he)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)呈(cheng)現(xian)出正相關，新(xin)加(jia)坡(po)淡馬錫等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)(li)水平(ping)是(shi)建立(li)在(zai)新(xin)加(jia)坡(po)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)較高(gao)水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)基(ji)礎之上。也可以看到，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)企業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)種(zhong)問題，都和(he)其(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)水平(ping)有(you)(you)著直接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)。新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)成立(li)70年(nian)來，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨領導(dao)人民創造了(le)世所罕見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟快速(su)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)奇(qi)跡和(he)社(she)會(hui)長(chang)期穩定(ding)奇(qi)跡，中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民族迎來了(le)從站(zhan)起(qi)來、富起(qi)來到強起(qi)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偉大飛躍，充分(fen)(fen)證明中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義制(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)是(shi)具(ju)有(you)(you)強大生命(ming)力和(he)巨(ju)大優(you)(you)越性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)。我們堅信在(zai)這個體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)之內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)必然能夠(gou)完(wan)善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色現(xian)代企業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、完(wan)善公司治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)結構。黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十九屆四中(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)做出了(le)堅持和(he)完(wan)善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義制(zhi)度(du)(du)、推進國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)能力現(xian)代化(hua)若干重大問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)需要構建系(xi)(xi)統完(wan)備、科(ke)學規范(fan)、運行有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)(du)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，把制(zhi)度(du)(du)優(you)(you)勢更好轉化(hua)為企業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)能。

2、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)必須(xu)立足(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)際。淡(dan)馬(ma)錫以投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)收益(yi)最大化(hua)(hua)為根本目的(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)(zai)實(shi)現(xian)全球布(bu)局之(zhi)后，其運作完(wan)全遵(zun)循市場化(hua)(hua)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)運作規則(ze)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功能(neng)(neng)定位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)復雜性遠非淡(dan)馬(ma)錫可以比(bi)擬。也就(jiu)是說，淡(dan)馬(ma)錫的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)經(jing)驗，部(bu)分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是可以全面借鑒，部(bu)分(fen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)局部(bu)借鑒，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法和策略根本難以借鑒。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)委黨委書記(ji)、主任郝鵬(peng)指出(chu)，“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)已經(jing)進入(ru)了(le)(le)(le)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本化(hua)(hua)、股(gu)(gu)權多(duo)元化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)階(jie)段，對國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨資(zi)(zi)(zi)、全資(zi)(zi)(zi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)模式已經(jing)不(bu)(bu)適用于國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)、參股(gu)(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，對境內(nei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)模式也已經(jing)不(bu)(bu)適用于‘走出(chu)去’的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”可以說，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)龐(pang)大的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)和多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，改(gai)革并(bing)非處(chu)在(zai)(zai)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條起跑線(xian)上，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)處(chu)在(zai)(zai)1.0階(jie)段，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)處(chu)在(zai)(zai)2.0階(jie)段，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)到了(le)(le)(le)3.0階(jie)段，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)尺子一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)標準(zhun)肯定解決不(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)(le)問題，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)指望一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)模式就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)解決中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)問題。必須(xu)結合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)際，堅持政企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)開、統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)監管的(de)(de)(de)基本原(yuan)則(ze)，把握國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功能(neng)(neng)界定和分(fen)類，遵(zun)循功能(neng)(neng)定位(wei)目標導向的(de)(de)(de)基本規律，實(shi)事求是推進改(gai)革。

3、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)必須(xu)把(ba)握協(xie)調(diao)制(zhi)衡(heng)(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)本質(zhi)。必須(xu)看到，世界(jie)范圍內主要(yao)國(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)運作(zuo)實(shi)質(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)顯(xian)著(zhu)差異，淡馬(ma)錫的(de)(de)(de)(de)董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)和(he)(he)歐美德日等國(guo)(guo)家企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)顯(xian)著(zhu)差異，甚至說(shuo)淡馬(ma)錫董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)是(shi)對產權(quan)(quan)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)、股(gu)份制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)突破。淡馬(ma)錫有(you)(you)(you)關人士認(ren)為，其董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)是(shi)委(wei)托少數幾個人去(qu)指揮千軍萬(wan)馬(ma)，關鍵(jian)是(shi)實(shi)現授權(quan)(quan)與問責的(de)(de)(de)(de)平衡(heng)(heng)、實(shi)現董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)和(he)(he)經理(li)(li)(li)層各司(si)其職。我們要(yao)從不同(tong)(tong)形式背后看到本質(zhi)：大型企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)權(quan)(quan)力(li)分配(pei)，是(shi)形成協(xie)調(diao)運轉、有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)制(zhi)衡(heng)(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)建(jian)設(she)(she)必須(xu)從這個本質(zhi)出(chu)發(fa)，分析不同(tong)(tong)董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)本質(zhi)、分析公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本質(zhi)。具體來說(shuo)，西方國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)，我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)要(yao)發(fa)揮領導作(zuo)用(yong)，“把(ba)方向、管大局(ju)、保落實(shi)”，依照規定討論(lun)(lun)和(he)(he)決定企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)重大事(shi)(shi)(shi)項，在這種情況下，哪(na)一種董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)模式都不能直(zhi)接套用(yong)。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)(li)(li)，就是(shi)黨(dang)(dang)和(he)(he)人民把(ba)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資產委(wei)托企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)領導人員(yuan)經營管理(li)(li)(li)。有(you)(you)(you)委(wei)托就要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)信任(ren)，但信任(ren)不能沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)監督；有(you)(you)(you)授權(quan)(quan)就要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)力(li)清單和(he)(he)邊(bian)界(jie)，權(quan)(quan)力(li)不能沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)監督、權(quan)(quan)力(li)不能導向“關鍵(jian)少數”獨斷(duan)專行，要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)建(jian)立健全和(he)(he)強化企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“明(ming)規則(ze)”，讓(rang)“潛規則(ze)”失去(qu)存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)土壤。因此(ci)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)本質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“一股(gu)獨大”根本約束下尋求實(shi)現治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)衡(heng)(heng)化、決策多元(yuan)化或者，或者是(shi)堅持民主集中(zhong)制(zhi)原則(ze)，探索(suo)(suo)建(jian)設(she)(she)董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)并發(fa)揮董事(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，探索(suo)(suo)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)融入公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)。

淡馬(ma)錫在很多方面值得中國(guo)國(guo)有(you)企業借(jie)鑒(jian)，但最(zui)大的(de)啟發或許(xu)還是(shi)透過現象把握本質，按照習近(jin)平(ping)總書記對國(guo)有(you)企業“完善(shan)治理(li)，強(qiang)化激勵，突出主業，提高效率”的(de)總體要求，實事(shi)求是(shi)尋求解(jie)決(jue)我們實際問題(ti)的(de)靈(ling)丹妙藥。（中國(guo)通(tong)號集團黨委副書記、執行(xing)董(dong)事(shi) 楊永勝）