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三峽水電站開閘放水壯觀場景

四川錦屏一級水電站高三百零五米，創世界拱壩高度紀錄

埃塞俄比亞吉布Ⅲ水電站由中方承建，有“非洲三峽工程”美譽

三峽工程遠景

中方參與建設的馬來西亞巴貢水電站（本文圖片來自百度）

對于我們(men)中華民族而言，大自(zi)然仿(fang)佛顯得格外眷顧，靈巧的造化(hua)之手在這塊(kuai)錦繡大地(di)上(shang)“勾勒(le)”出萬(wan)千河流，有(you)黃(huang)河、長江(jiang)、瀾滄江(jiang)，有(you)淮河、黑龍江(jiang)、雅魯藏布江(jiang)……數千年來(lai)，它們(men)朝(chao)著大海，永(yong)不停息地(di)奔流，不僅為(wei)我們(men)孕育(yu)了(le)(le)萬(wan)里沃野，構建了(le)(le)民族特(te)有(you)的文化(hua)心理(li)，培(pei)養了(le)(le)共有(you)的民族情感，而且(qie)賦予了(le)(le)我們(men)驚人的能量(liang)。

在(zai)漫長的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)代社會(hui)(hui)，這驚(jing)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量常(chang)常(chang)幻化為雄奇絢麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)詩篇(pian)和畫作等(deng)藝術形式(shi)，豐富著中國人的(de)(de)(de)(de)精神(shen)世界(jie)，卻(que)極少(shao)得到(dao)現(xian)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)利用。進(jin)入近現(xian)代社會(hui)(hui)，隨著水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步，特別是(shi)改革開放40年(nian)來，我們在(zai)對現(xian)代水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)學習(xi)基礎上進(jin)行大膽(dan)創新(xin)，造就了一批舉世矚目的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，成(cheng)為世界(jie)公認的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)強國。不僅如(ru)此，我們還把掌握(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術和積(ji)累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)經驗與世界(jie)各國特別是(shi)廣大發(fa)展(zhan)中國家(jia)分享，讓那里的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)眾獲得低廉的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能，點亮生活和夢想。

總裝機容量全球第一  開發利用空間廣闊

據統(tong)計，到1978年(nian)底(di)(di)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)達(da)到1867萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦，年(nian)發電(dian)量(liang)(liang)496億(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)是(shi)改(gai)革(ge)開放啟動(dong)之時(shi)(shi)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)家底(di)(di)。鑒(jian)于新中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)初，水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)的薄弱(ruo)基礎和十年(nian)“文革(ge)”的巨大(da)破(po)壞(huai)，攢到這(zhe)樣(yang)的家底(di)(di)無疑是(shi)非常難能可貴的。作(zuo)為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)座自(zi)行設計、自(zi)制設備(bei)、自(zi)己施工建造(zao)的大(da)型水(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)發電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，新安江水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利電(dian)力(li)事業史上的一(yi)座豐(feng)碑，它(ta)始建于1957年(nian)，歷時(shi)(shi)3年(nian)即建成(cheng)投產，年(nian)均發電(dian)量(liang)(liang)達(da)19.6億(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦時(shi)(shi)。“黃河明(ming)珠”劉家峽水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)于1975年(nian)建成(cheng)，總(zong)裝機容(rong)量(liang)(liang)122.5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦，這(zhe)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)首(shou)座百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦級水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)。

改(gai)革開放后，中國水(shui)電(dian)建設步伐明顯加快。上世(shi)紀(ji)80年(nian)代，廣蓄、巖灘、漫灣、隔河巖、水(shui)口等水(shui)電(dian)站“五朵(duo)金花”相(xiang)繼(ji)建成(cheng)；上世(shi)紀(ji)90年(nian)代，五強溪(xi)、李家峽、天荒(huang)坪抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)電(dian)站開工(gong)建設；到2000年(nian)底，隨著萬家寨、二(er)灘、小(xiao)浪底、天生(sheng)橋、大朝山等一大批水(shui)電(dian)站相(xiang)繼(ji)建成(cheng)投產，中國水(shui)電(dian)裝機容量達7700萬千瓦，居世(shi)界第二(er)。

2004年(nian)，以公伯(bo)峽(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)1號機(ji)(ji)組投產為標志，中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)突破1億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦，居世(shi)界第一(yi)。2010年(nian)，以小灣(wan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)4號機(ji)(ji)組為標志，中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)突破2億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦。2012年(nian)，三峽(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)最后一(yi)臺(tai)機(ji)(ji)組投產，成(cheng)為世(shi)界最大的水(shui)(shui)(shui)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)生產基地(di)(di)。此后，溪洛渡、向(xiang)家壩、錦屏等一(yi)系列巨型水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)相(xiang)繼開工建設，中國(guo)在世(shi)界水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)領域保持領先的地(di)(di)位(wei)。2017年(nian)，中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)為3.41億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)1.1945萬億(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦時，分別占到全球水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)裝機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的26.9%和28.5%。

根據最新統計，中(zhong)國(guo)水能資(zi)源可開發(fa)(fa)(fa)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)6.6億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)(yue)3萬億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)，按利用100年(nian)(nian)計算(suan)，相當于1000億(yi)噸標煤。中(zhong)國(guo)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)程度為37% （按發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)計算(suan)），與發(fa)(fa)(fa)達(da)國(guo)家水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)程度動輒達(da)到70%、80%甚至(zhi)超過(guo)90%相比，仍有較大(da)差距，還有較廣闊的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展前景。根據《水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展“十三(san)五”規劃》（2016-2020年(nian)(nian)），2020年(nian)(nian)，中(zhong)國(guo)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)到3.8億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)1.25萬億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)。預計2025年(nian)(nian)，中(zhong)國(guo)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)到4.7億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)1.4萬億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)。

造就海外“三峽工程”  助力當地夢想成真

中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點和(he)難(nan)點決定了(le)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發面臨(lin)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特性(xing)(xing)和(he)挑戰性(xing)(xing)，也造就了(le)中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)科(ke)技的(de)(de)(de)(de)雄厚實(shi)力，創造了(le)一(yi)系列引以為傲的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界(jie)紀錄(lu)：2008年全(quan)(quan)面投(tou)(tou)(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)布埡水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，其擁有(you)(you)世(shi)界(jie)最高的(de)(de)(de)(de)混凝土面板堆石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)；2009年全(quan)(quan)面投(tou)(tou)(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)灘水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，其擁有(you)(you)世(shi)界(jie)最高的(de)(de)(de)(de)碾壓(ya)混凝土壩(ba)(ba)；2010年全(quan)(quan)面投(tou)(tou)(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)灣水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，其擁有(you)(you)當時世(shi)界(jie)最高的(de)(de)(de)(de)混凝土拱壩(ba)(ba)；2014年全(quan)(quan)面投(tou)(tou)(tou)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糯扎渡水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，其是目前亞洲第一(yi)、世(shi)界(jie)第三(san)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏土心墻(qiang)堆石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)。它們是中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)走向(xiang)世(shi)界(jie)，贏得國(guo)際尊(zun)重和(he)信(xin)賴的(de)(de)(de)(de)最扎實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品牌工程(cheng)。全(quan)(quan)世(shi)界(jie)80多個國(guo)家紛(fen)紛(fen)引進(jin)中國(guo)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)技術和(he)建(jian)設能力，與中方建(jian)立了(le)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)規(gui)劃、建(jian)設和(he)投(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期合(he)作(zuo)關系。

2018年1月是(shi)老撾水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發展史上值得銘(ming)記(ji)的(de)月份。就在(zai)1月22日中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建(jian)(jian)承(cheng)建(jian)(jian)的(de)老撾南(nan)(nan)湃水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站竣工投(tou)(tou)產僅3天(tian)后，中(zhong)國(guo)重型(xing)機械(xie)有(you)限公司承(cheng)建(jian)(jian)的(de)川(chuan)壙省(sheng)南(nan)(nan)俄4水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站順利開工，這(zhe)不僅給老撾能源結(jie)構帶來深刻變(bian)革，而且將大(da)(da)大(da)(da)推動其(qi)實現打造“東(dong)南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池”，成為區(qu)域能源中(zhong)心的(de)國(guo)家發展目標。約半個月之后，遠在(zai)非洲喀麥隆，由(you)中(zhong)企承(cheng)建(jian)(jian)的(de)曼維(wei)萊水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站主體部分(fen)通過驗收。3月10日，由(you)中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)建(jian)(jian)設集(ji)團有(you)限公司參建(jian)(jian)的(de)巴基斯坦德爾貝拉水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站項目四期舉行(xing)首臺機組投(tou)(tou)產發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儀式，標志著(zhu)該國(guo)總裝機容(rong)量(liang)和發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)最大(da)(da)的(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目進(jin)一步“擴容(rong)”。兩個月后，在(zai)南(nan)(nan)美巴西，中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)(tou)資集(ji)團有(you)限公司正(zheng)式接管了該國(guo)第九大(da)(da)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站圣(sheng)西芒水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，開始(shi)為其(qi)提供為期30年的(de)運行(xing)維(wei)護服務。這(zhe)就是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)“走出去”的(de)節奏：時間上以天(tian)計算、空間上縱橫幾大(da)(da)洲。

在中國水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)“走出去”的(de)故事中，助力(li)埃(ai)塞俄比亞(ya)從“非(fei)洲(zhou)水塔(ta)”華麗(li)轉身“非(fei)洲(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)塔(ta)”無疑(yi)是其中最(zui)(zui)動人的(de)章(zhang)節之(zhi)(zhi)一。2011年，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)短缺(que)的(de)埃(ai)塞啟動了(le)吉(ji)布(bu)Ⅲ水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站建(jian)設，這(zhe)是非(fei)洲(zhou)最(zui)(zui)大的(de)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站項(xiang)目，有“非(fei)洲(zhou)的(de)三峽工程”之(zhi)(zhi)稱。其總裝機(ji)容(rong)量達187萬千瓦，幾(ji)乎與此前該國全國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)總裝機(ji)容(rong)量持平。作為該工程的(de)承(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)方(fang)(fang)，中國公司歷時5年奮戰，不僅(jin)實(shi)現了(le)項(xiang)目完工，而(er)且全部(bu)機(ji)組投入運營(ying)。再加上早在2009年由中方(fang)(fang)承(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)的(de)泰(tai)克澤水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)裝機(ji)容(rong)量，埃(ai)塞不僅(jin)達到了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)自(zi)給，而(er)且還實(shi)現了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)出口。

在馬來(lai)西(xi)亞也有一座(zuo)“三(san)峽工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”，它就是巴貢水(shui)電站。這座(zuo)位于(yu)沙撈越(yue)州的巴雷河上的水(shui)電站總裝機容量240萬千瓦，其壩高達205米(mi)，水(shui)庫庫容超過長江(jiang)三(san)峽工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，達438億立(li)方(fang)米(mi)。2002年，中(zhong)國水(shui)電與當地公司組成(cheng)的馬中(zhong)水(shui)電聯營體(ti)中(zhong)標該工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，并于(yu)次年開工建設。2010年底，工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建成(cheng)移交。2013年，該工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)榮獲第三(san)屆(jie)堆石壩國際里(li)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)碑工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)獎，成(cheng)為世界大(da)型水(shui)利工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的典范之作(zuo)。

壩工技術挺進世界一流  施工創新成就奇跡

經過(guo)實踐(jian)淬煉的(de)中國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)挺(ting)進到世界(jie)(jie)一流，特別是(shi)(shi)在核心的(de)壩(ba)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電設(she)備研制(zhi)領(ling)域，形成了規(gui)劃、設(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)、裝(zhuang)備制(zhi)造、運(yun)行維護(hu)等全(quan)產業鏈高(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)整合能(neng)力。據中國(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)院(yuan)院(yuan)士(shi)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電施(shi)工(gong)(gong)專家馬洪琪介(jie)紹(shao)，伴隨著水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電建設(she)的(de)發(fa)展，中國(guo)(guo)的(de)壩(ba)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)也得到了飛速(su)發(fa)展，取得了一批具(ju)有世界(jie)(jie)級水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)成果。比如，舉世聞名的(de)三(san)峽(xia)大壩(ba)。長江(jiang)三(san)峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)大壩(ba)全(quan)長 2309.5米(mi)，最大壩(ba)高(gao) 181米(mi)，裝(zhuang)機容量2240萬千(qian)瓦，是(shi)(shi)目前(qian)世界(jie)(jie)上(shang)最大的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，其建設(she)是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)(guo)壩(ba)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)達到世界(jie)(jie)領(ling)先水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)一個標志(zhi)。

馬洪琪介紹說，三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)壩混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體積高達1600萬(wan)立方米(mi)，如何實(shi)現大(da)(da)壩混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)又(you)好又(you)快澆筑(zhu)，是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)研究的(de)重(zhong)點和(he)(he)難點。當(dang)時，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)團(tuan)隊在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方面(mian)進行了4項(xiang)創(chuang)新：一(yi)是(shi)以塔帶機(ji)(ji)(ji)連(lian)續澆筑(zhu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主的(de)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。從傳統的(de)吊罐(guan)澆筑(zhu)改變(bian)為(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)一(yi)條龍連(lian)續生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝。該(gai)澆筑(zhu)系(xi)統由(you)各混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)拌(ban)和(he)(he)樓(lou)通過皮帶機(ji)(ji)(ji)將(jiang)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)輸(shu)送(song)到塔帶機(ji)(ji)(ji)直接入倉澆筑(zhu)，集水平和(he)(he)垂直運輸(shu)于(yu)一(yi)體。二是(shi)計算機(ji)(ji)(ji)監控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統。突破(po)傳統的(de)經驗判(pan)斷模式，研發了混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)產(chan)運輸(shu)澆筑(zhu)計算機(ji)(ji)(ji)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)監控(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統，實(shi)現了混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)全過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)實(shi)時監控(kong)(kong)(kong)、動(dong)態調整和(he)(he)優(you)化調度(du)。三峽(xia)大(da)(da)壩1999 年(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)連(lian)續3年(nian)(nian)(nian)澆筑(zhu)量(liang)在(zai)400 萬(wan)立方米(mi)以上(shang)，創(chuang)造(zao)了混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)澆筑(zhu)強度(du)世(shi)界最(zui)高紀錄(lu)。三是(shi)二次(ci)風冷骨(gu)料(liao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)低(di)溫(wen)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)產(chan)系(xi)統是(shi)世(shi)界上(shang)規(gui)模最(zui)大(da)(da)、溫(wen)控(kong)(kong)(kong)要求(qiu)最(zui)嚴的(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)生(sheng)產(chan)系(xi)統。要求(qiu)夏季生(sheng)產(chan)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)口溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)7℃的(de)低(di)溫(wen)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，為(wei)此(ci)，首(shou)次(ci)采用了二次(ci)風冷骨(gu)料(liao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。四是(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)綜(zong)(zong)(zong)合(he)溫(wen)控(kong)(kong)(kong)防裂(lie)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。采用了從選擇優(you)質原(yuan)材料(liao)、優(you)化混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)配合(he)比、控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)口和(he)(he)澆筑(zhu)溫(wen)度(du)、通水冷卻(que)(que)、表面(mian)保溫(wen)和(he)(he)流(liu)水養護等一(yi)整套溫(wen)控(kong)(kong)(kong)措(cuo)施(shi)。針對已澆筑(zhu)壩段(duan)監測的(de)溫(wen)度(du)情況，實(shi)行個(ge)性化通水冷卻(que)(que)措(cuo)施(shi)。正(zheng)是(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)創(chuang)新，使三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)獲(huo)得國際(ji)咨詢工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師聯合(he)會(hui)百年(nian)(nian)(nian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目獎等榮譽。2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)7月(yue)，中國工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)院院士、三峽(xia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設計總負責人(ren)鄭守仁榮獲(huo)國際(ji)大(da)(da)壩委(wei)員會(hui)終身成就獎。

2016年(nian)9月26日，金沙江(jiang)上(shang)的(de)溪(xi)洛渡水(shui)電站(zhan)摘得(de)“菲迪克2016年(nian)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目杰出獎(jiang)(jiang)”，該獎(jiang)(jiang)有國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)咨詢領域“諾(nuo)貝爾獎(jiang)(jiang)”之稱。在(zai)馬洪琪(qi)看來，溪(xi)洛渡水(shui)電站(zhan)獲(huo)獎(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)很大程(cheng)度上(shang)在(zai)于其在(zai)建造過程(cheng)中研發應(ying)用(yong)的(de)數字(zi)大壩(ba)技(ji)術(shu)和智能(neng)溫控技(ji)術(shu)。

溪(xi)洛渡“數(shu)(shu)字大(da)(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)”系統集(ji)信息(xi)、網(wang)絡、可視(shi)化(hua)(hua)技術于(yu)一體(ti)，首(shou)次在壩(ba)工界(jie)實(shi)現(xian)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)工程(cheng)施(shi)工全(quan)過程(cheng)的數(shu)(shu)字化(hua)(hua)和(he)信息(xi)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)理(li)(li)。“數(shu)(shu)字大(da)(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)”重(zhong)在預(yu)測(ce)、預(yu)警，分(fen)(fen)為(wei)施(shi)工監(jian)(jian)測(ce)系統和(he)仿(fang)真分(fen)(fen)析(xi)系統兩大(da)(da)(da)(da)部分(fen)(fen)。施(shi)工監(jian)(jian)測(ce)系統重(zhong)點(dian)是對(dui)設計(ji)、進度、質(zhi)量、施(shi)工監(jian)(jian)測(ce)等(deng)(deng)信息(xi)進行(xing)(xing)收(shou)集(ji)和(he)展示(shi)，對(dui)混(hun)凝土(tu)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)計(ji)劃(hua)、原材料(liao)檢(jian)測(ce)、混(hun)凝土(tu)生(sheng)產、運輸、澆(jiao)筑(zhu)和(he)溫度控制等(deng)(deng)數(shu)(shu)據進行(xing)(xing)全(quan)面收(shou)集(ji)，覆(fu)蓋大(da)(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)施(shi)工的全(quan)過程(cheng)。仿(fang)真分(fen)(fen)析(xi)系統主要是結合監(jian)(jian)測(ce)數(shu)(shu)據，對(dui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)溫控、應力、開裂(lie)風險、安全(quan)、澆(jiao)筑(zhu)進度等(deng)(deng)進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，提(ti)出預(yu)警和(he)預(yu)控措施(shi)。溪(xi)洛渡“數(shu)(shu)字大(da)(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)”系統采(cai)用信息(xi)化(hua)(hua)技術，讓施(shi)工各個環(huan)節(jie)的管(guan)理(li)(li)真正做到了(le)精細(xi)化(hua)(hua)、個性化(hua)(hua)，管(guan)理(li)(li)水平上升了(le)一個臺階，使得大(da)(da)(da)(da)壩(ba)施(shi)工質(zhi)量實(shi)現(xian)了(le)實(shi)時、在線、全(quan)過程(cheng)的管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)控制。

基于(yu)“數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)大壩(ba)(ba)”系(xi)統的(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)控(kong)實踐，溪洛渡(du)拱壩(ba)(ba)研發了基于(yu)“數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)大壩(ba)(ba)”系(xi)統的(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)控(kong)技術。為控(kong)制最高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度、降溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)速(su)率和(he)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度變幅(fu)，在混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)內埋設數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度計，全面及時地監測(ce)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)內部溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度；建立(li)和(he)實施(shi)了大壩(ba)(ba)智能(neng)(neng)通(tong)水(shui)冷卻溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)控(kong)系(xi)統，可穩定跟蹤、無(wu)線采(cai)集混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)控(kong)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)和(he)冷卻水(shui)管通(tong)水(shui)情況；取得實際澆筑條件下的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)理論溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)曲線，導入(ru)“數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)大壩(ba)(ba)”系(xi)統后與實測(ce)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)曲線對(dui)比，為控(kong)制溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)升(sheng)過程和(he)最高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度創造條件。對(dui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度異常情況進行預警，通(tong)過軟件和(he)電磁閥自動控(kong)制通(tong)水(shui)流量和(he)通(tong)水(shui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度，從(cong)而達(da)到最高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度、降溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)速(su)率、溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度變幅(fu)不超標的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)控(kong)要求(qiu)。（記者 張保淑）

【責任編輯：語謙】