文(wen)章來源：人民日(ri)報 發(fa)布時間：2019-06-04
近日，國(guo)務院印(yin)發(fa)《關(guan)于(yu)改(gai)革(ge)國(guo)有(you)(you)企業工(gong)資(zi)決定機制的意(yi)見》（以下簡稱(cheng)《意(yi)見》），對(dui)國(guo)有(you)(you)企業工(gong)資(zi)分(fen)配管理辦(ban)法進行重大改(gai)革(ge)。政策(ce)出臺背景(jing)是什么(me)？相(xiang)較以往(wang)，本(ben)次改(gai)革(ge)有(you)(you)哪些突(tu)出特點？對(dui)國(guo)企員工(gong)有(you)(you)何影響？針(zhen)對(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)熱點問題(ti)，記者采(cai)訪(fang)了(le)人力資(zi)源和社會保(bao)障部副部長邱(qiu)小平(ping)。
標志著國有企業工資分配制度體系基本形成
1985年以來，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家對(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有大中(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)實行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)同經濟(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益掛鉤辦(ban)法，職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)增長按經濟(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益增長的(de)一定(ding)比例浮動，對(dui)(dui)促進(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)提高(gao)(gao)經濟(ji)(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益和調(diao)動國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)積極性發(fa)揮了重要(yao)(yao)作(zuo)用。但(dan)隨著社會主義市場(chang)經濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)逐步健(jian)全(quan)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改革不(bu)斷(duan)深化，現行國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)決定(ding)機制(zhi)(zhi)還(huan)存在市場(chang)化分配(pei)程度(du)不(bu)高(gao)(gao)、分配(pei)秩序不(bu)夠規范(fan)、監管(guan)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)尚不(bu)健(jian)全(quan)等問(wen)題，難以適應(ying)改革發(fa)展需要(yao)(yao)。這次國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)決定(ding)機制(zhi)(zhi)改革舉(ju)措的(de)出臺(tai)，標志著與中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色現代國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)相適應(ying)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分配(pei)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)體(ti)系(xi)基本(ben)形成。
“本(ben)次改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)遵循4個主要(yao)原則：堅(jian)(jian)(jian)持(chi)建立中國(guo)(guo)特色現(xian)代國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)度改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)方(fang)向，堅(jian)(jian)(jian)持(chi)效益導(dao)向與(yu)維護公(gong)平相統一(yi)，堅(jian)(jian)(jian)持(chi)市(shi)場(chang)決定(ding)與(yu)政府監管相結合，堅(jian)(jian)(jian)持(chi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類分(fen)(fen)(fen)級管理(li)。”邱小平介紹(shao)，改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)將以國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)工資(zi)(zi)(zi)總額分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)為重(zhong)點，兼顧國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)內部分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)，堅(jian)(jian)(jian)持(chi)問題導(dao)向和目(mu)標(biao)導(dao)向，按(an)照工資(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)市(shi)場(chang)化改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)方(fang)向，改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)工資(zi)(zi)(zi)總額確定(ding)辦法和管理(li)方(fang)式，進(jin)一(yi)步落實企(qi)(qi)業(ye)工資(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)自主權。同時(shi)，改(gai)(gai)進(jin)和加強(qiang)(qiang)政府對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)工資(zi)(zi)(zi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)的監管，強(qiang)(qiang)化事(shi)前引導(dao)和事(shi)中事(shi)后監督。通過改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)，完善既(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)激勵又(you)有(you)(you)約(yue)束、既(ji)(ji)講效率又(you)講公(gong)平、既(ji)(ji)符合企(qi)(qi)業(ye)一(yi)般(ban)規律又(you)體現(xian)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)特點的分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)機制(zhi)。
市場決定、政府監管“兩只手”相結合
《意(yi)見》重點圍繞國(guo)有企業工(gong)資總額分配，對(dui)決定(ding)機(ji)制、管理方式和監管體制機(ji)制進行了改革完(wan)善。本次改革主要特點包(bao)括(kuo)：
第一(yi)(yi)，突(tu)出(chu)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資分(fen)配的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化方向。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資總(zong)(zong)額(e)確(que)定辦(ban)法上(shang)(shang)，《意見》改(gai)(gai)變(bian)了過去(qu)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資總(zong)(zong)額(e)增長同經濟(ji)效益(yi)單(dan)一(yi)(yi)指標(biao)(biao)掛鉤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法，要求(qiu)統籌考慮一(yi)(yi)攬子(zi)因素合理(li)確(que)定工(gong)(gong)(gong)資總(zong)(zong)額(e)，更(geng)加符合市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經濟(ji)規律和(he)(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發展規律。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資水(shui)平決定機(ji)制上(shang)(shang)，《意見》強調要加強人工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本投入(ru)產(chan)出(chu)率和(he)(he)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)對(dui)標(biao)(biao)，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)資水(shui)平是否(fou)合理(li)更(geng)多由市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)決定。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資分(fen)配主(zhu)(zhu)體上(shang)(shang)，《意見》對(dui)政府有(you)(you)關部門每年核定國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)上(shang)(shang)年度工(gong)(gong)(gong)效掛鉤方案(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法進行了改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，采取(qu)更(geng)加符合市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預算管理(li)辦(ban)法，工(gong)(gong)(gong)資總(zong)(zong)額(e)預算方案(an)(an)由企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)主(zhu)(zhu)編制，并對(dui)主(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)處于充分(fen)競爭行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)類國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)原則上(shang)(shang)實行備案(an)(an)制，從而使國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)體地位更(geng)加突(tu)出(chu)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資分(fen)配管理(li)權(quan)得(de)到進一(yi)(yi)步落實。
第二，突出(chu)對(dui)(dui)國有企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)的分(fen)(fen)(fen)類管理。在(zai)工(gong)資與(yu)效益聯動上(shang)，《意(yi)見》允許符合條(tiao)件的企業(ye)(ye)特別(bie)是(shi)主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)處于充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)競爭(zheng)行業(ye)(ye)和領域(yu)的企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資總額增長(chang)與(yu)經濟(ji)效益增長(chang)同(tong)步，對(dui)(dui)主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)處于充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)競爭(zheng)行業(ye)(ye)和領域(yu)的企業(ye)(ye)，則(ze)繼續實(shi)行工(gong)資總額和工(gong)資水平雙重調控，從而有利于統籌處理好不(bu)(bu)同(tong)行業(ye)(ye)、不(bu)(bu)同(tong)企業(ye)(ye)之間(jian)的工(gong)資分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)關系(xi)，解決目(mu)前國有企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)中一定程(cheng)度(du)存在(zai)的職(zhi)工(gong)工(gong)資該(gai)高不(bu)(bu)高、該(gai)低不(bu)(bu)低問題，既保(bao)證國有企業(ye)(ye)職(zhi)工(gong)更好分(fen)(fen)(fen)享企業(ye)(ye)發展成(cheng)果和改革紅利，又有效調節過高收入，規(gui)范(fan)工(gong)資分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)秩序(xu)。
第(di)三，突出(chu)增強(qiang)(qiang)活力與加強(qiang)(qiang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)相統一。《意見》強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)了(le)政(zheng)府職(zhi)(zhi)能部(bu)門對(dui)(dui)國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分(fen)配的(de)宏(hong)觀指(zhi)導調(diao)控(kong)職(zhi)(zhi)責，要(yao)求(qiu)人力資(zi)(zi)源和社會(hui)保障(zhang)部(bu)門會(hui)同(tong)有(you)(you)關部(bu)門，定期(qi)發布勞動力市場(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)價位(wei)、行業(ye)(ye)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本信息、工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)指(zhi)導線和非競爭類(lei)國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)增長調(diao)控(kong)目標，更好引導國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)搞(gao)好工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分(fen)配。強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)了(le)履行出(chu)資(zi)(zi)人職(zhi)(zhi)責機構的(de)國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分(fen)配監(jian)管(guan)(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)責，對(dui)(dui)做(zuo)好所(suo)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總額預算(suan)方案備案或核準工(gong)(gong)(gong)作、加強(qiang)(qiang)預算(suan)執(zhi)行情況監(jian)控(kong)和清算(suan)等提出(chu)明確(que)要(yao)求(qiu)。強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)了(le)對(dui)(dui)國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)分(fen)配的(de)監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)，明確(que)要(yao)健全國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)內(nei)外(wai)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)制度，定期(qi)開展(zhan)監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)，同(tong)時引入(ru)(ru)社會(hui)監(jian)督(du)機制。強(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)了(le)對(dui)(dui)國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)分(fen)配違(wei)規(gui)問題的(de)責任(ren)追(zhui)究，要(yao)求(qiu)及時查(cha)處違(wei)規(gui)發放工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)、濫發工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)外(wai)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)等行為，并(bing)明確(que)了(le)對(dui)(dui)違(wei)規(gui)行為的(de)處理(li)措施。
工資指導線制度等配套政策將陸續出臺
《意見》已經(jing)正式出臺(tai)，下一步關(guan)鍵是要抓(zhua)好落(luo)實(shi)。這項改(gai)革涉及面廣、政策(ce)性強，直接(jie)關(guan)系到廣大(da)國(guo)有企(qi)業持續健康發展和(he)職(zhi)工切身利益，需要各地區、各有關(guan)部門進一步統一思想認識，切實(shi)加強組(zu)織領導，共同(tong)抓(zhua)好貫徹(che)落(luo)實(shi)，形成(cheng)推進改(gai)革的合力。
人(ren)力資(zi)源(yuan)和(he)(he)社(she)會保(bao)障部作為指導和(he)(he)監督(du)國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業工(gong)資(zi)分配的職能部門，將會同有關(guan)部門認真抓好改革(ge)(ge)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)工(gong)作，推(tui)動(dong)改革(ge)(ge)順利(li)進行。一是加(jia)強(qiang)政(zheng)策宣(xuan)傳解讀和(he)(he)培訓(xun)工(gong)作，引(yin)導全社(she)會正確理(li)解和(he)(he)支持(chi)這項(xiang)改革(ge)(ge)，為改革(ge)(ge)營造(zao)良好社(she)會環境。二是抓緊(jin)研(yan)究(jiu)制(zhi)定完善工(gong)資(zi)指導線制(zhi)度的意(yi)見、國(guo)(guo)有企(qi)業工(gong)資(zi)內外收入監督(du)檢查辦法等(deng)改革(ge)(ge)配套政(zheng)策，指導各(ge)(ge)地和(he)(he)各(ge)(ge)有關(guan)部門結合實(shi)(shi)際抓緊(jin)制(zhi)定實(shi)(shi)施(shi)意(yi)見或實(shi)(shi)施(shi)辦法，認真組織實(shi)(shi)施(shi)。三是加(jia)強(qiang)調查研(yan)究(jiu)和(he)(he)跟蹤(zong)督(du)導，動(dong)態掌握改革(ge)(ge)進展(zhan)情況，適時開展(zhan)督(du)促檢查，及時研(yan)究(jiu)解決改革(ge)(ge)中出(chu)現的新問題，推(tui)動(dong)各(ge)(ge)有關(guan)方面(mian)抓好落實(shi)(shi)，確保(bao)改革(ge)(ge)政(zheng)策落實(shi)(shi)落地、取得(de)實(shi)(shi)效。
（解讀人：人社部副部長(chang) 邱(qiu)小平 采訪人：本報記者(zhe) 李心萍）
【責任編輯：語謙】