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中國核電究竟成色(se)如何？唯有事實最有說服(fu)力

3月30日，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核電(dian)走出去再傳捷(jie)報(bao)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)廣核集團與捷(jie)克(ke)能源(yuan)集團在布拉(la)格簽署(shu)《關(guan)于在核能及可再生能源(yuan)領域全面合作的(de)諒(liang)解(jie)備忘錄》。近年來，在異(yi)常激烈的(de)國(guo)(guo)際競爭中(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核電(dian)依靠實力和信(xin)譽打(da)造了又一張國(guo)(guo)家名片(pian)。

需(xu)要(yao)看到的(de)是，伴隨(sui)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)核電(dian)(dian)走出(chu)去步伐加快，國(guo)(guo)(guo)際輿(yu)論中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)出(chu)現(xian)了一些雜音。有國(guo)(guo)(guo)外媒體(ti)質疑(yi)(yi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)核電(dian)(dian)海外出(chu)口(kou)的(de)安(an)全性，有國(guo)(guo)(guo)外媒體(ti)炒作中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在一些國(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)核電(dian)(dian)項目對當地構成(cheng)環(huan)境威(wei)脅，質疑(yi)(yi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)核電(dian)(dian)經濟效(xiao)益、有損相(xiang)關(guan)合作國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家安(an)全的(de)聲音也(ye)(ye)時有出(chu)現(xian)。眾(zhong)說(shuo)紛紜中(zhong)，分辨出(chu)孰真(zhen)孰偽是至(zhi)關(guan)重要(yao)的(de)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)核電(dian)(dian)究竟成(cheng)色(se)如何(he)？唯有事(shi)實最有說(shuo)服力。

中(zhong)國(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)走(zou)出去始終(zhong)把安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)放在(zai)首要位(wei)置，采(cai)用(yong)最先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術、最嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)，實(shi)行規范管(guan)理，做好充(chong)分(fen)應急。中(zhong)國(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業長期以來安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗，以及在(zai)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)上(shang)保持的(de)(de)(de)(de)良好歷史紀錄是中(zhong)國(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)走(zou)向海外的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要優勢。例如，作為中(zhong)國(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)走(zou)出去的(de)(de)(de)(de)主力品牌，“華龍一號”滿足國(guo)際最高(gao)(gao)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)要求(qiu)，設(she)置了(le)完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重(zhong)事故(gu)預防(fang)和(he)緩解措施，甚至在(zai)很多安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)指標上(shang)超越了(le)現有三代(dai)(dai)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術要求(qiu)。它首次全(quan)(quan)(quan)面貫徹(che)縱深防(fang)御(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計原則以驗證核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，在(zai)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)處于領先地(di)位(wei)。今年3月20日，全(quan)(quan)(quan)球首座高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)氣冷(leng)堆示(shi)范工程(cheng)壓(ya)力容器在(zai)華能山東石島(dao)灣核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠吊裝成功，石島(dao)灣核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠規劃建(jian)設(she)一臺20萬千(qian)瓦高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)氣冷(leng)堆核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)，是世(shi)界(jie)(jie)上(shang)第(di)一座具有第(di)四代(dai)(dai)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)能系統(tong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)特性的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)氣冷(leng)堆商用(yong)規模示(shi)范電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。下一步，伴隨(sui)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)氣冷(leng)堆核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術逐(zhu)步在(zai)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)推廣，中(zhong)國(guo)將為國(guo)際合(he)作伙伴提供更安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解決(jue)方(fang)案與服務。

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)核電走出去(qu)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嚴守環(huan)境責任。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)嚴格履行(xing)《乏燃(ran)料管理(li)安(an)全和放射性廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)管理(li)安(an)全聯(lian)合(he)公(gong)約(yue)》的(de)各項義(yi)務，加強乏燃(ran)料及放射性廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)管理(li)，確保(bao)核能健康發展。以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)合(he)作(zuo)為例。2013年4月，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)核集團與法(fa)國(guo)阿海琺(fa)公(gong)司簽(qian)署(shu)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大型商(shang)業后處(chu)理(li)—再循環(huan)工廠項目合(he)作(zuo)意(yi)向(xiang)書(shu)，項目建(jian)成后將(jiang)具備年800噸乏燃(ran)料后處(chu)理(li)能力，有(you)利于提高(gao)鈾資源利用(yong)率、減(jian)少(shao)核廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)量和保(bao)護(hu)環(huan)境。去(qu)年7月，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)兩國(guo)簽(qian)署(shu)的(de)《深(shen)化民用(yong)核能合(he)作(zuo)的(de)聯(lian)合(he)聲明》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特(te)別(bie)強調，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法(fa)兩國(guo)愿分享在乏燃(ran)料后處(chu)理(li)高(gao)放廢(fei)(fei)物(wu)(wu)管理(li)方(fang)面，特(te)別(bie)是深(shen)層地質處(chu)置場設計和建(jian)設方(fang)面的(de)經(jing)驗。由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)自主研(yan)發的(de)非能動壓水(shui)堆核電機(ji)型CAP1400今年有(you)望與南非、土耳其簽(qian)署(shu)兩大國(guo)際訂單(dan)，該機(ji)型采用(yong)國(guo)內外最(zui)新的(de)核電標準(zhun)，可滿足最(zui)嚴環(huan)境排(pai)放要求。

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)走出去具有明顯(xian)的經濟競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)(li)。從國(guo)際(ji)范(fan)(fan)圍來(lai)(lai)看(kan)，由于有強(qiang)大的裝備制造能力(li)(li)作支撐，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建設(she)的成本(ben)最低、性價(jia)比(bi)最高，與國(guo)際(ji)同等(deng)安全型號相(xiang)比(bi)具有明顯(xian)的競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)優勢。以中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)三(san)代(dai)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自主品(pin)牌CAP1400為例。根據示范(fan)(fan)工程測算， CAP1400的含稅(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)低于0.4元/千瓦時(shi)，比(bi)標桿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)還低，標準化和(he)批量化之(zhi)后，CAP1400的市(shi)場(chang)(chang)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)(li)會更強(qiang)。近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)，越來(lai)(lai)越多國(guo)家選擇同中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)展(zhan)開(kai)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)合(he)作，正是因為看(kan)到了其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蘊含的助推自身(shen)經濟發展(zhan)的寶貴機遇。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)同巴基斯坦(tan)就卡拉奇核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)開(kai)展(zhan)合(he)作，將有助于緩解巴基斯坦(tan)國(guo)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)短缺問題。南(nan)非、肯尼亞等(deng)非洲國(guo)家官員(yuan)和(he)學(xue)者曾多次表示，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術進入非洲恰逢其時(shi)，有助于非洲國(guo)家解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)困(kun)境，推動經濟發展(zhan)，挖掘非洲的潛力(li)(li)和(he)未來(lai)(lai)。捷克總理索博特卡也曾指(zhi)出，捷克歡迎中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方參與捷克核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建設(she)，并探(tan)討開(kai)展(zhan)第三(san)方市(shi)場(chang)(chang)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)合(he)作可能性。

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)走出(chu)去屬于(yu)正常市(shi)場行(xing)為(wei)。改(gai)革(ge)開放以來(lai)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)企發(fa)(fa)(fa)生了一(yi)系(xi)列巨變，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)個重要(yao)方面就是與國(guo)(guo)際接(jie)軌，在遵(zun)守國(guo)(guo)際經貿(mao)體系(xi)規則的(de)(de)(de)同時，堂(tang)堂(tang)正正參與國(guo)(guo)際競爭(zheng)。近年來(lai)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)(ye)走出(chu)去步伐(fa)加快，是基于(yu)自身實(shi)(shi)力和經營(ying)需要(yao)做(zuo)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場選擇(ze)。然(ran)而，一(yi)段時間以來(lai)，一(yi)些西方媒體毫無事(shi)實(shi)(shi)根據地渲染所(suo)謂“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)威脅(xie)說(shuo)”，稱中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)國(guo)(guo)企提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)“嵌有(you)數字(zi)漏洞”，將為(wei)“外(wai)交勒索(suo)”提供(gong)機會(hui)，有(you)損相關國(guo)(guo)家(jia)安全(quan)(quan)。跨國(guo)(guo)合作在全(quan)(quan)球核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展過程中(zhong)(zhong)廣泛(fan)存(cun)在，一(yi)些人(ren)(ren)單(dan)單(dan)對中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)難，充分(fen)暴露出(chu)其戴著(zhu)有(you)色眼鏡看待中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)。一(yi)年多(duo)前舉行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)首屆法(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)世界核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工業(ye)(ye)展覽會(hui)上，法(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)前總(zong)統(tong)德斯(si)坦在開幕式致辭(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)特別強調了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展成就，稱贊“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)在世界核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工業(ye)(ye)格局(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)已占據一(yi)席(xi)之地”。人(ren)(ren)們有(you)理由(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)問，如果中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)真是一(yi)些人(ren)(ren)所(suo)描(miao)繪的(de)(de)(de)那個可怕的(de)(de)(de)“墨(mo)菲斯(si)托”，越來(lai)越多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)選擇(ze)接(jie)受中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)核(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)又該(gai)如何解(jie)釋？

中(zhong)國核(he)(he)電走出(chu)去(qu)，技術上有(you)保障，安全(quan)上有(you)優勢，經(jing)濟上有(you)競爭(zheng)力。人們有(you)理由(you)相信，中(zhong)國核(he)(he)電將為(wei)全(quan)球清(qing)潔能源產(chan)業發展(zhan)帶來機遇，核(he)(he)電合作(zuo)也將為(wei)拓展(zhan)中(zhong)國同(tong)各國互利(li)共贏合作(zuo)提供(gong)更大助力。

本(ben)文(wen)章摘自《人民日(ri)報》。