發布時間(jian)：2015-10-10
習近(jin)平(ping)(ping)總書記(ji)在安哥(ge)拉(la)與中(zhong)資企(qi)業(ye)代表座談(tan)時提出：“推動更多(duo)有實(shi)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)‘走(zou)出去(qu)’，既是(shi)加快我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)式轉變和(he)(he)經(jing)濟結構(gou)調(diao)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)迫切需(xu)要(yao)，也是(shi)堅持(chi)互利共贏的(de)(de)(de)(de)開放戰略、創造參(can)與國(guo)(guo)際經(jing)濟合作和(he)(he)競爭新優(you)勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)選擇。”近(jin)年來(lai)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府從政(zheng)治(zhi)、外(wai)交、經(jing)濟層面加大了對(dui)“走(zou)出去(qu)”企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支持(chi)力(li)度。李克強(qiang)總理(li)(li)出訪非洲以及周(zhou)邊國(guo)(guo)家時強(qiang)調(diao)加強(qiang)基礎設施(shi)領(ling)(ling)域(yu)(yu)合作，積(ji)極推動“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)標(biao)準”“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)高鐵”走(zou)出去(qu)。為(wei)了響應國(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)“走(zou)出去(qu)”戰略，越來(lai)越多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)資企(qi)業(ye)走(zou)出國(guo)(guo)門，在國(guo)(guo)際工程承包領(ling)(ling)域(yu)(yu)扮演著越來(lai)越重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角色(se)。為(wei)增強(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)國(guo)(guo)際化經(jing)營能力(li)，提升項目(mu)管(guan)理(li)(li)水平(ping)(ping)，培育企(qi)業(ye)核心競爭力(li)，國(guo)(guo)際工程承包商必須實(shi)施(shi)屬(shu)地(di)(di)(di)化管(guan)理(li)(li)。屬(shu)地(di)(di)(di)化管(guan)理(li)(li)屬(shu)于企(qi)業(ye)管(guan)理(li)(li)范疇，幾乎涵蓋了海外(wai)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)方(fang)面面，主要(yao)分為(wei)經(jing)營屬(shu)地(di)(di)(di)化、管(guan)理(li)(li)屬(shu)地(di)(di)(di)化、人員屬(shu)地(di)(di)(di)化和(he)(he)待遇屬(shu)地(di)(di)(di)化四個(ge)方(fang)面。這四個(ge)方(fang)面相輔相成，密切聯系。筆(bi)者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei)，轉變中(zhong)資企(qi)業(ye)“走(zou)出去(qu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式迫在眉睫，利用當地(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)際資源、與當地(di)(di)(di)共同發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)地(di)(di)(di)化經(jing)營戰略已(yi)經(jing)成為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)在海外(wai)謀(mou)求生(sheng)存和(he)(he)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)出路。
建立健全各項制度是屬地化管理的基本原則
企業一方面(mian)(mian)應遵守、執(zhi)行(xing)項目所(suo)在(zai)國的(de)勞動(dong)法(fa)(fa)律和(he)(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，避免產生不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)糾紛(fen)和(he)(he)(he)麻煩；另一方面(mian)(mian)應建(jian)立(li)健全企業自(zi)身員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)屬地(di)(di)(di)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，形成一個包括(kuo)公開招(zhao)聘、合(he)(he)同(tong)簽訂、教育(yu)培訓(xun)、崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)責任、勞動(dong)定額、薪酬(chou)待遇、工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)結算(suan)、勞動(dong)保護(hu)、生活管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理、文化(hua)活動(dong)、休息(xi)休假合(he)(he)理訴求、違紀處理、解除合(he)(he)同(tong)等內容(rong)的(de)規范化(hua)、標準化(hua)、系統化(hua)、信息(xi)化(hua)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理體系，從(cong)而保證(zheng)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)屬地(di)(di)(di)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)持續健康發(fa)展。由于社會環境(jing)和(he)(he)(he)意識形態(tai)(tai)不(bu)同(tong)，完(wan)善外(wai)籍員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理體系要(yao)注重結合(he)(he)屬地(di)(di)(di)國家(jia)的(de)國情以及制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)要(yao)求，有針對性(xing)地(di)(di)(di)建(jian)立(li)和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)切實體現(xian)(xian)“用制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)人(ren)”的(de)原則(ze)，把(ba)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)盡可能細化(hua)到每個管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理環節(jie)和(he)(he)(he)崗(gang)(gang)位(wei)。在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)執(zhi)行(xing)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，無論中(zhong)(zhong)方員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)還(huan)是外(wai)籍員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，都要(yao)一視同(tong)仁，保證(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)嚴肅性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)公平(ping)性(xing)。完(wan)善考核、考察和(he)(he)(he)獎懲(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，將(jiang)外(wai)籍員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)表現(xian)(xian)與(yu)其薪酬(chou)、待遇、升遷(qian)等結合(he)(he)起來，充分調動(dong)屬地(di)(di)(di)化(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)積極性(xing)。要(yao)為屬地(di)(di)(di)化(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)立(li)信息(xi)檔(dang)案，包括(kuo)姓(xing)名、身份證(zheng)號、住址、家(jia)庭狀況、個人(ren)特長(chang)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)經歷、上崗(gang)(gang)時(shi)間、離職時(shi)間、所(suo)屬班組(zu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)種、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)表現(xian)(xian)等多項內容(rong)，并進行(xing)動(dong)態(tai)(tai)更(geng)新。通過聘請律師(shi)，定期就工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)問題進行(xing)法(fa)(fa)律咨詢，尋(xun)找處理依據。另外(wai)，借(jie)助屬地(di)(di)(di)化(hua)國家(jia)勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)等機(ji)構對勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)、清算(suan)等業務給(gei)予指導。
開展屬地化員工培訓是屬地化管理成敗的關鍵
企(qi)業(ye)(ye)應(ying)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)理論培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)和(he)崗(gang)位(wei)練(lian)兵等(deng)形式(shi)，發(fa)揮中(zhong)方(fang)技術(shu)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)“導(dao)師帶徒”作用(yong)，管理人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)緊盯現場、言(yan)傳(chuan)身教，在(zai)質(zhi)量上把(ba)關、在(zai)技能上傳(chuan)授、在(zai)安(an)全上嚴(yan)控(kong)，并運用(yong)裂變原(yuan)理，將培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)成熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)按班組分開(kai)，以(yi)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)更多服從安(an)排、技術(shu)過(guo)關的(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，在(zai)外(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)掀起“比、學、趕、超(chao)”的(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)厚氛圍，從而在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作實踐中(zhong)鍛(duan)煉(lian)自己(ji)(ji)、提(ti)高自己(ji)(ji)。開(kai)展(zhan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)重點(dian)抓好四(si)(si)個方(fang)面(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作：其一(yi)，完善企(qi)業(ye)(ye)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)戰略(lve)，建(jian)立(li)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作反(fan)饋(kui)機制(zhi)(zhi)，使企(qi)業(ye)(ye)總部(bu)及(ji)時了解不(bu)同國(guo)家屬地(di)(di)化(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)、雇(gu)傭(yong)過(guo)程中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)和(he)解決(jue)辦法，然后有(you)針對(dui)性地(di)(di)調整企(qi)業(ye)(ye)屬地(di)(di)化(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)戰略(lve)，形成一(yi)套成熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)體系(xi)和(he)機制(zhi)(zhi)；其二，做好跨文化(hua)(hua)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，包括(kuo)對(dui)對(dui)方(fang)民族文化(hua)(hua)及(ji)公司(si)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)認識和(he)理解，文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)敏感性、適應(ying)性的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)，語言(yan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)，跨文化(hua)(hua)溝通(tong)(tong)及(ji)沖突處理能力的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)等(deng)；其三，建(jian)立(li)引導(dao)和(he)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)相結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)機制(zhi)(zhi)，使屬地(di)(di)化(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)理解或認同中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)際工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)管理方(fang)式(shi)，使其工(gong)(gong)(gong)作態度(du)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作方(fang)式(shi)以(yi)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作目標逐步與(yu)項(xiang)目要求(qiu)達到一(yi)致(zhi)；其四(si)(si)，搭配多樣性的(de)(de)(de)激勵措施，將屬地(di)(di)化(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)收獲轉化(hua)(hua)為項(xiang)目績效。
管理人員屬地化是屬地化管理發展的基本方向
國際(ji)化公司(si)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)目(mu)標是實(shi)現企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)本(ben)地化管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。強(qiang)化“屬地”意識(shi)，必(bi)須堅持本(ben)土化管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，用(yong)(yong)本(ben)地人(ren)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)好本(ben)地人(ren)，構建“以屬地管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)屬地勞務工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)”的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)，探索(suo)一條(tiao)極(ji)具(ju)特色的(de)(de)海外(wai)(wai)項目(mu)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)。有(you)些企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，由于(yu)擔心(xin)外(wai)(wai)籍員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)能(neng)力和(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平，不愿聘(pin)用(yong)(yong)外(wai)(wai)籍員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)從事管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，從國內引進大(da)量管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)技(ji)術人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，由于(yu)語言不通和(he)(he)文化差異(yi)，造成(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)難(nan)度加(jia)大(da)，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)也相應(ying)增高(gao)。所(suo)以，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)應(ying)強(qiang)化“屬地”意識(shi)，積(ji)極(ji)研究探索(suo)本(ben)地人(ren)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)本(ben)地人(ren)的(de)(de)有(you)效方式(shi)，在外(wai)(wai)籍員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中積(ji)極(ji)選拔和(he)(he)培養一批忠實(shi)于(yu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、責任(ren)心(xin)強(qiang)、有(you)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)能(neng)力的(de)(de)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，通過(guo)他們傳遞信息和(he)(he)思想(xiang)，提高(gao)溝通能(neng)力。在用(yong)(yong)人(ren)過(guo)程中，要加(jia)強(qiang)監督和(he)(he)考(kao)察，建立激勵措施，激發外(wai)(wai)籍員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)活力和(he)(he)創造性，實(shi)現企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)健康(kang)、持續(xu)、穩定的(de)(de)發展。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)還應(ying)建設國際(ji)化人(ren)才(cai)庫，將技(ji)能(neng)較高(gao)的(de)(de)當地勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)列入公司(si)人(ren)才(cai)庫管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。
用工管理方式多樣化是屬地化管理的基本保障
我們應從國際視(shi)野(ye)選聘(pin)(pin)雇員(yuan)(yuan)，實現(xian)(xian)中(zhong)外雇員(yuan)(yuan)的有機結合。普通管(guan)理、技術和勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)當地為主(zhu)，分(fen)包施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊伍以(yi)當地或鄰(lin)國的跨國公(gong)司(si)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊伍為主(zhu)，以(yi)降(jiang)低人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本、減(jian)少施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備(bei)投入。其一，自(zi)主(zhu)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方式(shi)(shi)。通過(guo)勞(lao)(lao)動力(li)市場調查后(hou)確定(ding)(ding)勞(lao)(lao)動力(li)使(shi)用(yong)價(jia)格，允許項目(mu)(mu)公(gong)司(si)就近(jin)聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，以(yi)現(xian)(xian)金形式(shi)(shi)支付(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資；其二，專業(ye)化自(zi)主(zhu)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理方式(shi)(shi)。與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)簽訂正(zheng)規合同，項目(mu)(mu)公(gong)司(si)在(zai)(zai)銀行備(bei)案，每月通過(guo)銀行提(ti)現(xian)(xian)后(hou)支付(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資；其三，專業(ye)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)司(si)管(guan)理方式(shi)(shi)。 由(you)項目(mu)(mu)公(gong)司(si)確定(ding)(ding)一家(jia)或幾家(jia)正(zheng)規的勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)司(si)，項目(mu)(mu)公(gong)司(si)與(yu)勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)司(si)簽訂勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同，勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)司(si)設(she)專人(ren)(ren)(ren)負(fu)責勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的管(guan)理，項目(mu)(mu)公(gong)司(si)通過(guo)轉賬方式(shi)(shi)向勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)公(gong)司(si)支付(fu)費用(yong)；其四，使(shi)用(yong)第三國勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)。如從孟(meng)加(jia)拉引(yin)進勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)到中(zhong)東地區、印(yin)度洋島(dao)國等(deng)，相(xiang)對(dui)低廉的人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)價(jia)格、相(xiang)比(bi)中(zhong)國工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)較好的英語基礎，使(shi)中(zhong)國承包商(shang)的人(ren)(ren)(ren)力(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效優勢得(de)以(yi)保留(liu)并(bing)可(ke)持續保持；其五，聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)專業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)士。在(zai)(zai)許多國家(jia)特別是英聯邦國家(jia)，很多職(zhi)業(ye)需要經過(guo)論證并(bing)取得(de)資格的專業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)士才能承擔，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)當地聘(pin)(pin)請相(xiang)關(guan)專業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)士成(cheng)為國際工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程公(gong)司(si)的必(bi)要手(shou)段，可(ke)采(cai)取兼職(zhi)式(shi)(shi)聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)，從價(jia)格較低的第三國聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)，或聘(pin)(pin)用(yong)曾(ceng)在(zai)(zai)歐美留(liu)學(xue)并(bing)取得(de)相(xiang)關(guan)證書的中(zhong)國留(liu)學(xue)生等(deng)。
（本文章摘自10月(yue)9日《光明日報》）