發布時間：2016-04-09
全面深化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)關(guan)系到(dao)黨和人(ren)民事業前途命運，關(guan)系到(dao)黨的(de)執政(zheng)基礎(chu)和執政(zheng)地位。全面深化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)必須堅持公(gong)有制(zhi)經濟(ji)的(de)主(zhu)體地位，堅持和完善基本(ben)經濟(ji)制(zhi)度，毫不(bu)動(dong)搖地鞏固和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)公(gong)有制(zhi)經濟(ji)，毫不(bu)動(dong)搖地鼓勵、支持、引導(dao)非公(gong)有制(zhi)經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，保證社會主(zhu)義社會的(de)基本(ben)性質(zhi)和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方向。
全面深化改革必須堅持“兩個毫不動搖”
改(gai)(gai)革開放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)(shi)決(jue)定當代(dai)中(zhong)國(guo)命運的(de)關鍵(jian)一(yi)招，也是(shi)(shi)決(jue)定實現(xian)“兩個一(yi)百年(nian)”奮斗目標、實現(xian)中(zhong)華民族偉大(da)(da)復(fu)興(xing)的(de)關鍵(jian)一(yi)招。我國(guo)改(gai)(gai)革已(yi)經進入攻堅期和(he)(he)深(shen)水(shui)區。沖破(po)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)的(de)障(zhang)礙、突破(po)利(li)益固化(hua)(hua)的(de)藩籬，解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)首(shou)要(yao)的(de)。解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)前(qian)提，是(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)發(fa)展社(she)會生產力(li)、解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)增強社(she)會活力(li)的(de)總(zong)開關；解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)發(fa)展社(she)會生產力(li)、解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)增強社(she)會活力(li)，是(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)必(bi)(bi)然結果，也是(shi)(shi)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)基礎。在深(shen)化(hua)(hua)改(gai)(gai)革問(wen)題上(shang)(shang)，一(yi)些思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)觀(guan)念(nian)(nian)障(zhang)礙往(wang)往(wang)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)來(lai)自體(ti)制外而是(shi)(shi)來(lai)自體(ti)制內(nei)。思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)，就很難(nan)看清各種利(li)益固化(hua)(hua)的(de)癥(zheng)結所在，很難(nan)找準突破(po)的(de)方向和(he)(he)著(zhu)力(li)點，很難(nan)拿(na)出創造性的(de)改(gai)(gai)革舉措(cuo)。因(yin)此，黨的(de)十(shi)八屆三(san)中(zhong)全會指出：“實現(xian)中(zhong)華民族偉大(da)(da)復(fu)興(xing)的(de)中(zhong)國(guo)夢，必(bi)(bi)須在新的(de)歷史起點上(shang)(shang)全面(mian)深(shen)化(hua)(hua)改(gai)(gai)革”，必(bi)(bi)須“進一(yi)步解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)、解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)發(fa)展社(she)會生產力(li)、解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)增強社(she)會活力(li)，堅決(jue)破(po)除各方面(mian)體(ti)制機(ji)制弊(bi)端”。
公(gong)(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)體、多種(zhong)所有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)共同(tong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)基(ji)本經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度，是中(zhong)(zhong)國特色社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)重要支(zhi)(zhi)柱，也是社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義市(shi)場經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)根基(ji)。改(gai)革(ge)開放以來，我國所有制(zhi)(zhi)結構逐步調整(zheng)，公(gong)(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、促進就業(ye)等方面的(de)比重不斷變化(hua)，增強了經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)活(huo)(huo)(huo)力。黨(dang)的(de)十(shi)八屆三中(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)(hui)在(zai)(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央關于(yu)全面深化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)若干重大問題(ti)的(de)決定》（以下簡(jian)稱(cheng)《決定》）中(zhong)(zhong)強調：“必須(xu)毫(hao)不動搖鞏固和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)公(gong)(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，堅持(chi)公(gong)(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)體地位，發(fa)(fa)揮國有經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)導(dao)作(zuo)用，不斷增強國有經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)(huo)(huo)力、控制(zhi)(zhi)力、影響(xiang)力。必須(xu)毫(hao)不動搖鼓(gu)勵(li)、支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)、引導(dao)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，激發(fa)(fa)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)(huo)(huo)力和創造力。”
行動最(zui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)說服(fu)力。黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十八(ba)大(da)以(yi)來，以(yi)習近平同志為(wei)總書記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黨中央(yang)堅持和(he)完善公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主體、多種(zhong)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)共同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，用實(shi)實(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舉措很好地(di)(di)(di)(di)詮釋了“兩(liang)個毫不(bu)動搖”。首先，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)功(gong)能定位上(shang)明確公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)和(he)非(fei)(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)都是(shi)社(she)會主義(yi)(yi)市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部分(fen)，都是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)基(ji)礎。這表明公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)和(he)非(fei)(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)都是(shi)社(she)會主義(yi)(yi)市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)不(bu)可(ke)或缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平等競爭主體，統一(yi)于(yu)社(she)會主義(yi)(yi)初級階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)中，也(ye)標志著我(wo)(wo)們黨對基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、對中國(guo)特(te)色社(she)會主義(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)律認識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深化。其次(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)產權(quan)(quan)(quan)保(bao)護上(shang)明確提(ti)出公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)財產權(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)可(ke)侵犯，非(fei)(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)財產權(quan)(quan)(quan)同樣不(bu)可(ke)侵犯。這大(da)大(da)深化了基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)涵，消除了在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)、資(zi)本(ben)(ben)、技(ji)術(shu)、信息、知識(shi)等生產要(yao)素(su)配置(zhi)因所有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差別而帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏見，進(jin)而激發(fa)(fa)民(min)間投資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)潛力。再次(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)政策待(dai)遇(yu)上(shang)強調堅持權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)平等、機會平等、規(gui)則平等，實(shi)行統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)準入制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，并鼓(gu)勵非(fei)(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)參與國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)革，鼓(gu)勵發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)非(fei)(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)控股的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，鼓(gu)勵有(you)(you)(you)(you)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)建立現(xian)代企(qi)業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。最(zui)后，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)上(shang)引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序流轉(zhuan)，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)適(shi)度(du)規(gui)模經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。2013年12月23日，習近平在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中央(yang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)工作會議上(shang)指出，改(gai)(gai)革前，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)體土地(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)合一(yi)，土地(di)(di)(di)(di)集(ji)體所有(you)(you)(you)(you)、集(ji)體統一(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。搞家庭聯產承(cheng)包制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，把土地(di)(di)(di)(di)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)承(cheng)包經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)開(kai)，所有(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)歸(gui)集(ji)體，承(cheng)包經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)歸(gui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶，這是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)創新。“現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，順應農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)保(bao)留土地(di)(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)包權(quan)(quan)(quan)、流轉(zhuan)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意愿，把農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)包經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)為(wei)承(cheng)包權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，實(shi)現(xian)承(cheng)包權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)置(zhi)并行，這是(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)次(ci)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)創新。”2014年11月，中央(yang)頒布了《關于(yu)引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序流轉(zhuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)適(shi)度(du)規(gui)模經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見》，這是(shi)一(yi)個時期內(nei)指導我(wo)(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)文件，進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)激發(fa)(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)改(gai)(gai)革發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活力，為(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)增效(xiao)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)增收、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)繁榮注入強勁動力。
公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)和非公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)共同(tong)(tong)發展，為(wei)(wei)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會發展奠定了堅實的(de)(de)(de)制度基礎(chu)，使(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)走上(shang)了一條快(kuai)速發展的(de)(de)(de)軌道。到2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)，全國(guo)(guo)市場(chang)主(zhu)體穩步(bu)發展，實有(you)(you)戶數(shu)突破7000萬(wan)(wan)。2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)至2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)，全國(guo)(guo)新登(deng)記(ji)注(zhu)冊市場(chang)主(zhu)體1262.29萬(wan)(wan)戶，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)16.60%，注(zhu)冊資本(ben)（金）20.74萬(wan)(wan)億(yi)元(yuan)，增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)86.53%；平均每天新登(deng)記(ji)注(zhu)冊企(qi)業(ye)1.06萬(wan)(wan)戶。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資產總(zong)(zong)量(liang)不斷增(zeng)加(jia)，控制力進一步(bu)增(zeng)強，一大批(pi)極富活力的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)和國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)控股企(qi)業(ye)脫穎而出。根(gen)據(ju)財政部的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)，2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)1-12月(yue)，全國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)及國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)控股企(qi)業(ye)累計實現營(ying)業(ye)總(zong)(zong)收(shou)入480636.4 億(yi)元(yuan)，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)4%。利潤總(zong)(zong)額24765.4 億(yi)元(yuan)，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)3.4%。截至2014 年(nian)(nian)(nian)12 月(yue)末，全國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)資產總(zong)(zong)額1021187.8 億(yi)元(yuan)，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)12.1%。非公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)幾乎從零起步(bu)，經(jing)(jing)(jing)過蓬勃發展，其(qi)產值(zhi)比(bi)重(zhong)、勞動(dong)力比(bi)重(zhong)已占(zhan)半壁江(jiang)山，一批(pi)現代化的(de)(de)(de)私(si)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)競相(xiang)涌現，成為(wei)(wei)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)點(dian)。2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)，全國(guo)(guo)新登(deng)記(ji)注(zhu)冊內(nei)資企(qi)業(ye)34.45萬(wan)(wan)戶，同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)38.17%，其(qi)中，私(si)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)32.94萬(wan)(wan)戶，增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)39.55%，外商投資企(qi)業(ye)0.37萬(wan)(wan)戶，增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)6.77%。
全面深化改革必須“膽子要大、步子要穩”
我們的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)是(shi)有(you)方向、有(you)立場、有(you)原則的(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)在中國(guo)特色社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)道路(lu)上不(bu)(bu)斷前進的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)，而不(bu)(bu)是(shi)對社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)制(zhi)度改(gai)(gai)(gai)弦易張。在這(zhe)個(ge)問(wen)(wen)題上頭腦必須十分清醒(xing)。當(dang)前，社會(hui)(hui)上關于(yu)(yu)(yu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)議論很(hen)多，“藥方”也(ye)(ye)很(hen)多。很(hen)多意見和(he)建(jian)議值得(de)深入思(si)考，但也(ye)(ye)有(you)些意見和(he)建(jian)議偏于(yu)(yu)(yu)極(ji)端，一些敵對勢力(li)和(he)別有(you)用心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)人也(ye)(ye)在那里搖(yao)旗吶喊、制(zhi)造輿論、混淆(xiao)視聽。對此，習近(jin)平強(qiang)調(diao)，“問(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)實質是(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)什么、不(bu)(bu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)什么，有(you)些不(bu)(bu)能改(gai)(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)(de)，再過多長時(shi)間也(ye)(ye)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)”。我們要(yao)(yao)(yao)增強(qiang)政(zheng)治定(ding)力(li)，堅守政(zheng)治原則和(he)底線，決不(bu)(bu)能在根(gen)本性問(wen)(wen)題上出(chu)(chu)現顛覆(fu)性錯誤(wu)。2014年2月7日，習近(jin)平在接(jie)受俄(e)羅斯電視臺專(zhuan)訪時(shi)指出(chu)(chu)：“在中國(guo)這(zhe)樣一個(ge)擁(yong)有(you)13億多人口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家深化改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)，絕非易事。”“我們膽子(zi)(zi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)大、步子(zi)(zi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)穩(wen)。膽子(zi)(zi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)大，就是(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)再難(nan)也(ye)(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)向前推進，敢于(yu)(yu)(yu)擔當(dang)，敢于(yu)(yu)(yu)啃(ken)硬骨(gu)頭，敢于(yu)(yu)(yu)涉險灘。步子(zi)(zi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)穩(wen)，就是(shi)方向一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)準，行駛一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)穩(wen)，尤其是(shi)不(bu)(bu)能犯顛覆(fu)性錯誤(wu)。”
公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)是社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)基(ji)礎，是社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義區別(bie)于(yu)資本(ben)(ben)主(zhu)(zhu)義的(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)特征。保持(chi)全(quan)面(mian)深化(hua)改革沿著(zhu)正確的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)前(qian)進，必須要(yao)堅持(chi)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地位(wei)。早在(zai)(zai)2004年5月，習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)在(zai)(zai)浙(zhe)江工作期間就(jiu)指(zhi)出：“市(shi)場競爭是一個動(dong)態過程，如(ru)(ru)果稍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)懈怠，原有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)先發(fa)優勢就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)削弱(ruo)，已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)比較優勢也(ye)會(hui)(hui)失(shi)去(qu)。”公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)市(shi)場競爭中如(ru)(ru)何進一步發(fa)揮(hui)優勢，保持(chi)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地位(wei)，是當前(qian)黨和社(she)會(hui)(hui)各界關注的(de)重要(yao)問(wen)題(ti)。習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)在(zai)(zai)“關于(yu)《中共中央關于(yu)全(quan)面(mian)深化(hua)改革若干重大問(wen)題(ti)的(de)決定》的(de)說明”中指(zhi)出：“如(ru)(ru)何更好體(ti)現(xian)和堅持(chi)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地位(wei)，進一步探索基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效實(shi)現(xian)形(xing)式，是擺在(zai)(zai)我們面(mian)前(qian)的(de)一個重要(yao)課題(ti)。”他還指(zhi)出：“全(quan)會(hui)(hui)強調必須毫(hao)不(bu)動(dong)搖鞏固(gu)和發(fa)展公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，堅持(chi)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地位(wei)，發(fa)揮(hui)國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)導作用，不(bu)斷增強國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)力、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力、影響力。”
黨的(de)(de)十八大以來(lai)，以習(xi)近平同志為總書記的(de)(de)黨中央不僅強調了保(bao)證全面深化改(gai)革的(de)(de)正確方向，堅(jian)持公有制(zhi)的(de)(de)主體(ti)地位，而且探索了更好(hao)體(ti)現和堅(jian)持公有制(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)主體(ti)地位的(de)(de)有效途徑。
進一(yi)步發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟，即國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)、集體(ti)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)、非(fei)公資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)通(tong)(tong)過對企業(ye)(ye)共(gong)同出(chu)(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)而相(xiang)互融合，不同所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)相(xiang)互間(jian)交叉持(chi)股。十(shi)八(ba)屆(jie)三中全(quan)(quan)(quan)會通(tong)(tong)過的(de)(de)《決定(ding)》提(ti)出(chu)(chu)，“要(yao)(yao)積(ji)極(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟”，“混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是我國(guo)(guo)(guo)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)實現(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)式。”混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟既(ji)是多種所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)共(gong)同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)一(yi)種實現(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)式，也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)利于國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)放大(da)功能(neng)、保值增(zeng)值、提(ti)高競爭力(li)。習近(jin)平在(zai)“關(guan)(guan)于《中共(gong)中央關(guan)(guan)于全(quan)(quan)(quan)面深化改革(ge)若干重(zhong)大(da)問題的(de)(de)決定(ding)》的(de)(de)說明”中明確指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，積(ji)極(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟“是新形(xing)(xing)勢下堅(jian)持(chi)公有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位，增(zeng)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)濟活力(li)、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)、影響力(li)的(de)(de)一(yi)個有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效途徑和必(bi)然選(xuan)擇。”2014年3月(yue)9日，習近(jin)平在(zai)參(can)加十(shi)二屆(jie)全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人大(da)二次會議安徽(hui)代表團(tuan)的(de)(de)審議時指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟，基(ji)本(ben)(ben)政策已明確，關(guan)(guan)鍵是細則，成敗也(ye)在(zai)細則。發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)對國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)管(guan)(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)授權經(jing)(jing)營體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進行改革(ge)，逐步將(jiang)管(guan)(guan)企業(ye)(ye)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)管(guan)(guan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，通(tong)(tong)過資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)運作(zuo)，使國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)能(neng)夠根據實現(xian)(xian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)戰略(lve)目標和改善全(quan)(quan)(quan)民福利的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)，將(jiang)其(qi)增(zeng)量(liang)及時投向(xiang)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)行業(ye)(ye)和企業(ye)(ye)，對其(qi)存量(liang)也(ye)能(neng)夠順利地(di)在(zai)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)企業(ye)(ye)間(jian)及時轉(zhuan)移和重(zhong)組。
進一(yi)步深化(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)，推動國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)完善(shan)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)制度(du)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)是推進國(guo)(guo)(guo)家現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)、保(bao)障人民共同(tong)利益的(de)重要(yao)(yao)力(li)量(liang)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)過多年改(gai)革(ge)(ge)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)總體(ti)上已(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)同(tong)市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟相融合。同(tong)時，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)也積累了一(yi)些問題(ti)、存在(zai)一(yi)些弊端，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)進一(yi)步推進改(gai)革(ge)(ge)。黨的(de)十八屆三(san)中全(quan)會(hui)在(zai)《決(jue)定》中強調(diao)，深化(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)重點(dian)目標(biao)是規范(fan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營決(jue)策(ce)、資產保(bao)值(zhi)增(zeng)值(zhi)、公(gong)平參與競爭、提高企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)效(xiao)率、增(zeng)強企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)活力(li)、承(cheng)擔社會(hui)責任。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)屬于全(quan)民所有(you)(you)(you)(you)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)必須(xu)堅持正(zheng)確方向。早(zao)在(zai)2004年6月，習(xi)近(jin)平在(zai)談到國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)時強調(diao)“必須(xu)守住(zhu)一(yi)條‘底線’，就是一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)防止(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資產流失(shi)”，為此(ci)提出(chu)要(yao)(yao)抓住(zhu)的(de)三(san)個“關(guan)鍵環(huan)節”，即全(quan)過程規范(fan)、全(quan)方位(wei)公(gong)開、全(quan)社會(hui)監督(du)。2014年3月9日(ri)，習(xi)近(jin)平在(zai)參加十二屆全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人大二次會(hui)議(yi)安徽(hui)代(dai)表團的(de)審(shen)議(yi)時指(zhi)出(chu)，要(yao)(yao)吸取(qu)過去國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗和教訓(xun)，不能在(zai)一(yi)片改(gai)革(ge)(ge)聲浪中把國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資產變成牟(mou)取(qu)暴利的(de)機會(hui)。改(gai)革(ge)(ge)關(guan)鍵是公(gong)開透明。
進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)深(shen)化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)制度(du)改(gai)革(ge)，把(ba)落實集體(ti)(ti)(ti)所有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、放活土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)基本遵循。土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)問題(ti)事(shi)(shi)關(guan)億萬農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民切(qie)身利益，事(shi)(shi)關(guan)改(gai)革(ge)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)全局。2013年12月23日，習近平(ping)在中央農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)工作會(hui)議上(shang)指出(chu)(chu)，“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)制度(du)改(gai)革(ge)是(shi)(shi)個大(da)事(shi)(shi)，涉(she)及的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、包(bao)(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)利益關(guan)系十(shi)分(fen)復(fu)雜(za)，必(bi)須審慎穩(wen)妥推進(jin)(jin)。不(bu)管(guan)怎么改(gai)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)所有(you)(you)(you)制改(gai)垮了，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)耕地(di)(di)(di)改(gai)少了，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)糧食產量改(gai)下去了，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民利益損害了。”要(yao)不(bu)斷探索農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)所有(you)(you)(you)制的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效實現(xian)形式(shi)，落實集體(ti)(ti)(ti)所有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、放活土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，加(jia)快(kuai)構建(jian)以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶家庭經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎、合作與聯合為(wei)(wei)(wei)紐(niu)帶、社會(hui)化(hua)服務為(wei)(wei)(wei)支撐的(de)(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)式(shi)復(fu)合型現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系。承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)流(liu)轉的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民家庭越來越多(duo)，土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)同經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)分(fen)離，成為(wei)(wei)(wei)我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產關(guan)系變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)新趨勢。這一變(bian)化(hua)對(dui)完善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)基本經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制度(du)提出(chu)(chu)新的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。2014年11月20日，中共中央辦公廳(ting)、國務院辦公廳(ting)印發(fa)(fa)了《關(guan)于引(yin)導農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)序(xu)流(liu)轉發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)適度(du)規模經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見》，明(ming)確提出(chu)(chu)：“堅(jian)持農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)所有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，放活土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，以家庭承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎，推進(jin)(jin)家庭經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)、集體(ti)(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)、合作經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)、企業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)等多(duo)種經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)方(fang)式(shi)共同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。”在堅(jian)持土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)前提下，實現(xian)所有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)三權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)分(fen)置，是(shi)(shi)引(yin)導土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)序(xu)流(liu)轉的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)基礎。實踐證明(ming)，土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉和適度(du)規模經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)由之路，我(wo)們應從(cong)我(wo)國人多(duo)地(di)(di)(di)少、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)情況千差萬別的(de)(de)(de)實際出(chu)(chu)發(fa)(fa)，積(ji)極穩(wen)妥地(di)(di)(di)推進(jin)(jin)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)真正實現(xian)現(xian)代化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)宏偉藍(lan)圖。
（本文章摘自(zi)2015年(nian)《前線》第4期，作者(zhe)：中國(guo)人民(min)大學馬克思主義學院教授）