發布時(shi)間：2016-04-09
全面(mian)深化改革關(guan)系到(dao)黨(dang)和(he)人(ren)民事業前途命(ming)運(yun)，關(guan)系到(dao)黨(dang)的(de)執(zhi)政(zheng)基(ji)(ji)礎和(he)執(zhi)政(zheng)地(di)位。全面(mian)深化改革必須堅(jian)持(chi)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)的(de)主體地(di)位，堅(jian)持(chi)和(he)完善基(ji)(ji)本經濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)度(du)，毫不(bu)動搖(yao)地(di)鞏(gong)固和(he)發展(zhan)(zhan)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)，毫不(bu)動搖(yao)地(di)鼓勵、支持(chi)、引(yin)導非(fei)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)經濟(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)，保證(zheng)社會主義(yi)社會的(de)基(ji)(ji)本性質和(he)發展(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)向。
全面深化改革必須堅持“兩個毫不動搖”
改(gai)(gai)革開(kai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)是決定當代(dai)中國命運的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)一招(zhao)，也(ye)(ye)是決定實(shi)現(xian)(xian)“兩(liang)個一百年”奮(fen)斗目標、實(shi)現(xian)(xian)中華民族偉(wei)大復興(xing)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)一招(zhao)。我國改(gai)(gai)革已(yi)經進入(ru)攻堅期(qi)和(he)深(shen)水(shui)區。沖破(po)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)觀(guan)念的(de)(de)障(zhang)礙(ai)、突破(po)利益(yi)固化的(de)(de)藩(fan)籬，解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)是首要(yao)的(de)(de)。解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)是前提，是解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)發展社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力、解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)增強(qiang)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)活(huo)力的(de)(de)總開(kai)關(guan)；解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)發展社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力、解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)增強(qiang)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)活(huo)力，是解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)的(de)(de)必然結果(guo)，也(ye)(ye)是解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)基礎。在(zai)(zai)深(shen)化改(gai)(gai)革問題上，一些思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)觀(guan)念障(zhang)礙(ai)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)不(bu)是來(lai)自(zi)(zi)體制外(wai)而是來(lai)自(zi)(zi)體制內。思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)不(bu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)，就很難看清各(ge)種利益(yi)固化的(de)(de)癥結所在(zai)(zai)，很難找(zhao)準突破(po)的(de)(de)方(fang)向和(he)著力點，很難拿出創(chuang)造性的(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革舉措。因此，黨(dang)的(de)(de)十八屆(jie)三中全會(hui)(hui)(hui)指出：“實(shi)現(xian)(xian)中華民族偉(wei)大復興(xing)的(de)(de)中國夢，必須在(zai)(zai)新的(de)(de)歷史起點上全面深(shen)化改(gai)(gai)革”，必須“進一步(bu)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)思(si)(si)(si)想(xiang)、解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)發展社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力、解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)放(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)增強(qiang)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)活(huo)力，堅決破(po)除各(ge)方(fang)面體制機制弊端”。
公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主體、多種所有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)共(gong)同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)基本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國特色社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)重要支柱，也是社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)根基。改革開放以來，我國所有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結構(gou)逐(zhu)步(bu)調整，公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)非(fei)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)在發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)、促進(jin)就(jiu)業等方面的(de)(de)比重不(bu)斷(duan)變化(hua)，增強了經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)活力(li)。黨的(de)(de)十八屆三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)(hui)在《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央關于全面深化(hua)改革若干重大問題的(de)(de)決(jue)定》（以下簡稱《決(jue)定》）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)強調：“必須毫不(bu)動搖(yao)鞏固和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，堅持(chi)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主體地位，發(fa)(fa)揮國有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)主導(dao)(dao)作用，不(bu)斷(duan)增強國有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)活力(li)、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)、影響力(li)。必須毫不(bu)動搖(yao)鼓勵、支持(chi)、引導(dao)(dao)非(fei)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，激發(fa)(fa)非(fei)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)活力(li)和(he)(he)創(chuang)造力(li)。”
行動最有(you)(you)(you)說服力。黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八大以來，以習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)同志(zhi)為(wei)總書記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黨中(zhong)央(yang)堅持和完善公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)、多種所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)共同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，用實(shi)實(shi)在(zai)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舉措很好地(di)(di)詮釋了“兩個(ge)毫不(bu)(bu)動搖”。首(shou)先(xian)，在(zai)功(gong)能定位上(shang)(shang)明(ming)確(que)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)和非公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部分，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)基(ji)礎。這表明(ming)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)和非公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)或缺(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)競爭(zheng)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)，統一(yi)于社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)初級階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)，也標志(zhi)著我們(men)黨對基(ji)本經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、對中(zhong)國(guo)特色社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)律認(ren)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深化。其次(ci)(ci)，在(zai)產(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)保護上(shang)(shang)明(ming)確(que)提出公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)財產(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)侵(qin)犯，非公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)財產(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)同樣(yang)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)侵(qin)犯。這大大深化了基(ji)本經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)涵，消除(chu)了在(zai)土地(di)(di)、資(zi)本、技(ji)術、信息(xi)、知識等(deng)(deng)生產(chan)(chan)要(yao)素配置因所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差別而(er)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏見，進而(er)激發(fa)(fa)民(min)間投資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大潛(qian)力。再次(ci)(ci)，在(zai)政策待遇(yu)上(shang)(shang)強調(diao)堅持權(quan)(quan)(quan)利平(ping)等(deng)(deng)、機會(hui)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)、規(gui)則平(ping)等(deng)(deng)，實(shi)行統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場準入制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，并(bing)鼓勵非公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企業(ye)(ye)參與國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)改革(ge)(ge)，鼓勵發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)非公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本控(kong)股(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企業(ye)(ye)，鼓勵有(you)(you)(you)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私營(ying)(ying)(ying)企業(ye)(ye)建立現代(dai)企業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。最后，在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)引導(dao)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)序流(liu)轉(zhuan)，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)適度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)規(gui)模經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)。2013年(nian)12月23日，習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)在(zai)中(zhong)央(yang)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)工作會(hui)議上(shang)(shang)指(zhi)出，改革(ge)(ge)前，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)土地(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)合一(yi)，土地(di)(di)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)、集(ji)(ji)體(ti)統一(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)。搞家庭聯(lian)產(chan)(chan)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，把(ba)土地(di)(di)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分開，所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)歸集(ji)(ji)體(ti)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)歸農(nong)(nong)戶，這是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)改革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大創新。“現在(zai)，順應農(nong)(nong)民(min)保留(liu)土地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、流(liu)轉(zhuan)土地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)愿(yuan)，把(ba)農(nong)(nong)民(min)土地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分為(wei)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，實(shi)現承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分置并(bing)行，這是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)改革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一(yi)次(ci)(ci)重(zhong)大創新。”2014年(nian)11月，中(zhong)央(yang)頒(ban)布了《關于引導(dao)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)序流(liu)轉(zhuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)適度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)規(gui)模經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見》，這是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)時期內(nei)指(zhi)導(dao)我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)改革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)文(wen)件，進一(yi)步激發(fa)(fa)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)改革(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活力，為(wei)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)增效、農(nong)(nong)民(min)增收、農(nong)(nong)村(cun)繁榮(rong)注入強勁(jing)動力。
公有(you)(you)制經(jing)濟和非公有(you)(you)制經(jing)濟共同發展，為我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟社會發展奠定了(le)堅實(shi)的(de)(de)制度(du)基(ji)礎，使我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟走上了(le)一(yi)條快速(su)發展的(de)(de)軌道。到2015年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)市場(chang)主體穩步發展，實(shi)有(you)(you)戶(hu)數(shu)突破7000萬(wan)。2014年(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)至2015年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)新登記(ji)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)市場(chang)主體1262.29萬(wan)戶(hu)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)16.60%，注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本（金）20.74萬(wan)億元，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)86.53%；平(ping)均每(mei)天新登記(ji)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)1.06萬(wan)戶(hu)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產總(zong)(zong)量不斷增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加，控制力(li)進一(yi)步增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強，一(yi)大批(pi)極富活力(li)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)控股企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)脫穎而出。根據財(cai)政(zheng)部的(de)(de)數(shu)據，2014年(nian)1-12月(yue)(yue)(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)及國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)控股企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)累(lei)計實(shi)現營業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)(zong)收入(ru)480636.4 億元，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)4%。利(li)潤(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)24765.4 億元，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)3.4%。截至2014 年(nian)12 月(yue)(yue)(yue)末，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產總(zong)(zong)額(e)1021187.8 億元，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)12.1%。非公有(you)(you)制經(jing)濟幾乎(hu)從零(ling)起步，經(jing)過蓬(peng)勃(bo)發展，其產值比(bi)重(zhong)、勞動(dong)力(li)比(bi)重(zhong)已占半壁江山(shan)，一(yi)批(pi)現代化(hua)的(de)(de)私(si)營企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)競相涌現，成為我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)經(jing)濟增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)點。2015年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)，全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)新登記(ji)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)內資(zi)(zi)(zi)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)34.45萬(wan)戶(hu)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)38.17%，其中，私(si)營企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)32.94萬(wan)戶(hu)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)39.55%，外商投資(zi)(zi)(zi)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)0.37萬(wan)戶(hu)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)6.77%。
全面深化改革必須“膽子要大、步子要穩”
我們(men)(men)的(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)方向(xiang)、有(you)(you)立(li)場、有(you)(you)原則(ze)(ze)的(de)，是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國特色社會(hui)主義道路上不斷前進的(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，而不是(shi)(shi)對社會(hui)主義制度改(gai)(gai)弦易(yi)張。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這個(ge)問題(ti)上頭腦必須十分清(qing)醒。當前，社會(hui)上關于(yu)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)議(yi)論很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)，“藥方”也(ye)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)。很(hen)(hen)多(duo)(duo)意見(jian)和建議(yi)值得深入思考，但(dan)也(ye)有(you)(you)些意見(jian)和建議(yi)偏于(yu)極(ji)端，一(yi)(yi)些敵對勢(shi)力和別有(you)(you)用心的(de)人(ren)也(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)那里(li)搖旗吶(na)喊、制造(zao)輿論、混(hun)淆視聽(ting)。對此，習近(jin)(jin)平強(qiang)調，“問題(ti)的(de)實(shi)質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)什么、不改(gai)(gai)什么，有(you)(you)些不能(neng)改(gai)(gai)的(de)，再過多(duo)(duo)長時(shi)間(jian)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)不改(gai)(gai)”。我們(men)(men)要增強(qiang)政治定力，堅(jian)守政治原則(ze)(ze)和底線(xian)，決不能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)根(gen)本性問題(ti)上出(chu)(chu)現顛覆性錯(cuo)誤(wu)。2014年(nian)2月7日，習近(jin)(jin)平在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)接受俄羅(luo)斯電視臺(tai)專訪時(shi)指出(chu)(chu)：“在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國這樣一(yi)(yi)個(ge)擁有(you)(you)13億多(duo)(duo)人(ren)口(kou)的(de)國家深化(hua)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，絕非易(yi)事(shi)。”“我們(men)(men)膽(dan)子(zi)要大、步(bu)(bu)子(zi)要穩。膽(dan)子(zi)要大，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)再難也(ye)要向(xiang)前推進，敢(gan)于(yu)擔當，敢(gan)于(yu)啃硬骨頭，敢(gan)于(yu)涉險灘。步(bu)(bu)子(zi)要穩，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)方向(xiang)一(yi)(yi)定要準，行駛(shi)一(yi)(yi)定要穩，尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)不能(neng)犯顛覆性錯(cuo)誤(wu)。”
公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)基礎，是(shi)社(she)會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義區別于(yu)資本主(zhu)(zhu)義的(de)(de)本質特征。保(bao)持(chi)全(quan)面深(shen)(shen)化改革沿著正確(que)的(de)(de)方向前進，必須要堅持(chi)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)(di)位。早在(zai)2004年5月，習近平在(zai)浙江(jiang)工作期間就(jiu)指(zhi)(zhi)出：“市(shi)場競爭是(shi)一(yi)個動(dong)態過程(cheng)，如(ru)果稍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)懈怠，原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)先發(fa)(fa)優(you)勢(shi)就(jiu)會(hui)削弱，已有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)比較優(you)勢(shi)也會(hui)失去(qu)。”公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)市(shi)場競爭中(zhong)如(ru)何(he)進一(yi)步發(fa)(fa)揮優(you)勢(shi)，保(bao)持(chi)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)(di)位，是(shi)當前黨和(he)(he)社(she)會(hui)各界關注的(de)(de)重(zhong)要問題。習近平在(zai)“關于(yu)《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央(yang)關于(yu)全(quan)面深(shen)(shen)化改革若干重(zhong)大問題的(de)(de)決定》的(de)(de)說明”中(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)出：“如(ru)何(he)更好體(ti)現和(he)(he)堅持(chi)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)(di)位，進一(yi)步探索基本經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效實現形式，是(shi)擺在(zai)我們面前的(de)(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)要課題。”他還指(zhi)(zhi)出：“全(quan)會(hui)強(qiang)調必須毫不動(dong)搖(yao)鞏固和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，堅持(chi)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)(di)位，發(fa)(fa)揮國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)導作用，不斷增(zeng)強(qiang)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)活力(li)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)力(li)、影響力(li)。”
黨的(de)十八(ba)大(da)以來，以習(xi)近平同(tong)志為總書(shu)記(ji)的(de)黨中(zhong)央不僅強調(diao)了(le)保證全面深化(hua)改革的(de)正確方(fang)向，堅持公(gong)有(you)制的(de)主體地(di)位，而且探索了(le)更好體現和(he)堅持公(gong)有(you)制經濟主體地(di)位的(de)有(you)效途徑。
進一(yi)步發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，即國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、集體(ti)(ti)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、非公資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)通過(guo)對企(qi)業(ye)共同出(chu)(chu)資(zi)而相互融合(he)，不同所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制的企(qi)業(ye)相互間交叉(cha)持股。十(shi)八屆三中(zhong)全(quan)會通過(guo)的《決(jue)定(ding)》提出(chu)(chu)，“要積極(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)”，“混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制是我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制度的重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要實現形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。”混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)既是多種所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制共同發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的一(yi)種實現形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，也有(you)(you)(you)利于國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)放大(da)功能、保(bao)值增(zeng)值、提高競爭力(li)。習(xi)近平(ping)在(zai)(zai)“關(guan)于《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央(yang)關(guan)于全(quan)面深化改(gai)革若干(gan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)問題(ti)的決(jue)定(ding)》的說明(ming)”中(zhong)明(ming)確指出(chu)(chu)，積極(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)“是新形(xing)(xing)勢下堅持公有(you)(you)(you)制主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)地位，增(zeng)強國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)活(huo)力(li)、控制力(li)、影響力(li)的一(yi)個有(you)(you)(you)效途徑和必然(ran)選擇。”2014年3月9日，習(xi)近平(ping)在(zai)(zai)參加十(shi)二(er)屆全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人大(da)二(er)次(ci)會議安徽代表團的審議時指出(chu)(chu)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，基本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)政策已(yi)明(ming)確，關(guan)鍵是細(xi)則，成(cheng)敗也在(zai)(zai)細(xi)則。發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，需(xu)要對國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產(chan)管理體(ti)(ti)制和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)授權經(jing)營體(ti)(ti)制進行改(gai)革，逐(zhu)步將管企(qi)業(ye)為主(zhu)(zhu)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為管資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)為主(zhu)(zhu)，通過(guo)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)運作，使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)能夠根(gen)據實現國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)戰略目標和改(gai)善(shan)全(quan)民(min)福利的需(xu)要，將其增(zeng)量(liang)及時投向相關(guan)的行業(ye)和企(qi)業(ye)，對其存量(liang)也能夠順利地在(zai)(zai)相關(guan)企(qi)業(ye)間及時轉(zhuan)移和重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)組。
進(jin)一步深化國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)，推動國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)完善現代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制度。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是推進(jin)國(guo)(guo)家現代化、保障(zhang)人民共同利益的(de)重要(yao)力量。經(jing)過多年改(gai)革(ge)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)體(ti)上已(yi)經(jing)同市(shi)場經(jing)濟相融(rong)合。同時(shi)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)也積(ji)累(lei)了一些問題、存在(zai)一些弊端，需要(yao)進(jin)一步推進(jin)改(gai)革(ge)。黨的(de)十八屆三中全(quan)(quan)會(hui)(hui)在(zai)《決定(ding)(ding)》中強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)，深化國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)重點目標是規范經(jing)營決策、資(zi)產(chan)保值(zhi)增值(zhi)、公(gong)平(ping)參(can)(can)與競爭、提高企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)效率、增強(qiang)(qiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)活力、承擔社會(hui)(hui)責任。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)屬于全(quan)(quan)民所有(you)(you)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)必(bi)須堅持正確方向。早在(zai)2004年6月，習近(jin)平(ping)在(zai)談(tan)到國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)時(shi)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)“必(bi)須守住(zhu)一條‘底線’，就是一定(ding)(ding)要(yao)有(you)(you)效防止國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)產(chan)流失”，為(wei)此提出(chu)要(yao)抓(zhua)住(zhu)的(de)三個“關鍵(jian)環節”，即全(quan)(quan)過程規范、全(quan)(quan)方位公(gong)開、全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)(hui)監督(du)。2014年3月9日，習近(jin)平(ping)在(zai)參(can)(can)加十二屆全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)人大二次會(hui)(hui)議安徽代表團的(de)審議時(shi)指出(chu)，要(yao)吸取(qu)過去(qu)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)改(gai)革(ge)經(jing)驗(yan)和教訓，不能在(zai)一片改(gai)革(ge)聲浪中把國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)產(chan)變成牟取(qu)暴利的(de)機會(hui)(hui)。改(gai)革(ge)關鍵(jian)是公(gong)開透明。
進一步(bu)深化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)改革(ge)，把(ba)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)集體所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、穩定農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、放(fang)活土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)作為基(ji)(ji)本(ben)遵循。土地(di)(di)(di)(di)問題事關(guan)億萬(wan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)切身利(li)(li)益(yi)，事關(guan)改革(ge)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)全(quan)局。2013年12月23日(ri)，習近平在(zai)中央農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)工(gong)作會議上指出(chu)(chu)，“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)改革(ge)是個大事，涉及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體、包(bao)(bao)(bao)含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)益(yi)關(guan)系(xi)十分復(fu)雜，必(bi)須審(shen)慎(shen)穩妥推進。不(bu)管怎么改，不(bu)能(neng)把(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)集體所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)改垮了(le)，不(bu)能(neng)把(ba)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)改少了(le)，不(bu)能(neng)把(ba)糧食(shi)產(chan)量改下(xia)去了(le)，不(bu)能(neng)把(ba)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)利(li)(li)益(yi)損害了(le)。”要(yao)不(bu)斷探索農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)集體所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效實(shi)(shi)現(xian)形式(shi)，落(luo)實(shi)(shi)集體所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、穩定農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、放(fang)活土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，加(jia)快構建(jian)以(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶家(jia)庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)為基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)、合(he)(he)作與聯合(he)(he)為紐帶、社會化(hua)服務為支撐(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立體式(shi)復(fu)合(he)(he)型現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)體系(xi)。承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)流(liu)轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)家(jia)庭(ting)(ting)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多，土地(di)(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)同經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)主體發(fa)(fa)生分離，成為我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)關(guan)系(xi)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新趨(qu)勢。這一變化(hua)對完善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。2014年11月20日(ri)，中共(gong)中央辦(ban)公廳、國務院(yuan)辦(ban)公廳印發(fa)(fa)了(le)《關(guan)于(yu)引導(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)序流(liu)轉發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)適(shi)度(du)(du)(du)規(gui)(gui)模經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見》，明確提(ti)出(chu)(chu)：“堅持(chi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)集體所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，穩定農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戶承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，放(fang)活土地(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，以(yi)家(jia)庭(ting)(ting)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)為基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)，推進家(jia)庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)、集體經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)、合(he)(he)作經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)、企業(ye)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)等多種經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)方式(shi)共(gong)同發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。”在(zai)堅持(chi)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)集體所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下(xia)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)三權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)分置，是引導(dao)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)(you)序流(liu)轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)。實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)證明，土地(di)(di)(di)(di)流(liu)轉和適(shi)度(du)(du)(du)規(gui)(gui)模經(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)是發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)現(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)由之(zhi)路，我(wo)們應從我(wo)國人多地(di)(di)(di)(di)少、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)情況千差萬(wan)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)出(chu)(chu)發(fa)(fa)，積極穩妥地(di)(di)(di)(di)推進，才(cai)能(neng)真(zhen)正實(shi)(shi)現(xian)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宏偉藍圖。
（本文章摘自2015年《前線》第4期，作者：中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)民(min)大學馬克思(si)主義學院教(jiao)授）