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改(gai)革開放(fang)40年來(lai)，民營(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)已經(jing)(jing)(jing)成(cheng)為推(tui)(tui)動(dong)我(wo)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)不可(ke)或缺(que)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)力量，成(cheng)為創業就(jiu)業的(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)領域(yu)、技術創新的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)載體(ti)(ti)、國(guo)家(jia)稅(shui)收的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)來(lai)源。民營(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)是社會主義市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)成(cheng)果，是推(tui)(tui)動(dong)社會主義市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)力量，是推(tui)(tui)進(jin)供(gong)給側結構性(xing)改(gai)革、推(tui)(tui)動(dong)高質(zhi)量發展(zhan)、建設現(xian)代化(hua)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)主體(ti)(ti)。

建設現代(dai)化經(jing)濟(ji)體系，應進一(yi)步創新(xin)國有企業與(yu)民營企業合(he)作形(xing)式(shi)，著眼于兩者的協作協調發展，構筑國有民營高質量(liang)協同(tong)發展的新(xin)格局(ju)。

一是(shi)全力(li)提(ti)升國(guo)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)營協同(tong)的(de)(de)資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)效率。在重要基(ji)礎設(she)施和國(guo)家安全領域，國(guo)有(you)(you)經濟(ji)要牢牢占(zhan)據主導(dao)地位，壯大國(guo)有(you)(you)經濟(ji)，同(tong)時可探(tan)索允許民(min)(min)營經濟(ji)適(shi)當參股(gu)入股(gu)的(de)(de)路徑(jing)，如作財務投資(zi)者，按股(gu)比享(xiang)受紅(hong)利分配(pei)(pei)而不參與企業管理和生產經營，發揮民(min)(min)企參與建設(she)的(de)(de)積(ji)極性(xing)，盤活(huo)民(min)(min)營資(zi)本(ben)，進而放大國(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)功能，提(ti)升國(guo)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)營的(de)(de)協同(tong)程度；在完全競(jing)爭領域，堅持(chi)市(shi)(shi)場取向，優(you)(you)勝劣汰(tai)。在市(shi)(shi)場失(shi)靈(ling)方面(mian)，政(zheng)府(fu)可根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)場反饋精準識(shi)別具有(you)(you)動態比較優(you)(you)勢和技術創新優(you)(you)勢的(de)(de)國(guo)有(you)(you)或民(min)(min)營企業，擇強選好(hao)配(pei)(pei)優(you)(you)，通過政(zheng)策引導(dao)優(you)(you)化(hua)資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)結構。同(tong)時，建立動態的(de)(de)退出機制，創新企業主動、市(shi)(shi)場撬(qiao)動、政(zheng)府(fu)推(tui)動的(de)(de)三元聯動資(zi)源(yuan)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)形式，深化(hua)資(zi)本(ben)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)程度。

二是全力優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)國有(you)民營協(xie)(xie)同的(de)(de)(de)政策支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。第一，完善市(shi)場(chang)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)準(zhun)入(ru)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。盡快制(zhi)(zhi)定和出(chu)臺(tai)國企(qi)(qi)(qi)和民企(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)場(chang)準(zhun)入(ru)“正(zheng)負面(mian)清單”，堅持(chi)(chi)正(zheng)面(mian)清單平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)進(jin)入(ru)、平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)競爭、平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)審核、平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)待遇，負面(mian)清單嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)審查、嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)管理和嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)禁入(ru)。第二，建立(li)(li)協(xie)(xie)同創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。依托市(shi)場(chang)建立(li)(li)國有(you)和民營協(xie)(xie)同創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)平(ping)臺(tai)，配(pei)套協(xie)(xie)同創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)基(ji)(ji)金(jin)、創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)風險(xian)(xian)基(ji)(ji)金(jin)鼓勵支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)，將技(ji)術(shu)、人才(cai)、資(zi)金(jin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)要素資(zi)源整(zheng)合集(ji)聚，提高要素資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)流動性(xing)和使(shi)用(yong)效率，形成技(ji)術(shu)協(xie)(xie)同創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)、成果(guo)均衡分配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，充分發(fa)揮國企(qi)(qi)(qi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)溢出(chu)效應，促進(jin)民企(qi)(qi)(qi)技(ji)術(shu)革新(xin)(xin)(xin)；積(ji)極發(fa)揮民企(qi)(qi)(qi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎能力、示范和帶動作用(yong)，提升國企(qi)(qi)(qi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)動力。第三，優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)金(jin)融(rong)特別支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)政策。一方面(mian)，深(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)普惠金(jin)融(rong)供(gong)給(gei)側改(gai)革，商業金(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構應精準(zhun)識別有(you)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能力、技(ji)術(shu)實力、市(shi)場(chang)潛力的(de)(de)(de)民企(qi)(qi)(qi)，優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)風險(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)(zhi)標準(zhun)，可與其(qi)主(zhu)業有(you)緊密關(guan)聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)國有(you)資(zi)本、各類基(ji)(ji)金(jin)（保(bao)險(xian)(xian)、證(zheng)券(quan)、風投(tou)、私募）或(huo)其(qi)他社會(hui)資(zi)本共同成立(li)(li)民企(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)展特別基(ji)(ji)金(jin)，分散資(zi)金(jin)供(gong)給(gei)風險(xian)(xian)；另一方面(mian)，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)民營企(qi)(qi)(qi)業債券(quan)融(rong)資(zi)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)工具形式，加強全過程風險(xian)(xian)管理，充分利(li)用(yong)信(xin)用(yong)擔保(bao)、債權(quan)(quan)抵(di)押、股權(quan)(quan)質押、信(xin)用(yong)風險(xian)(xian)緩釋等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)工具，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)國企(qi)(qi)(qi)關(guan)聯(lian)擔保(bao)、混改(gai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業聯(lian)合擔保(bao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)形式強化(hua)(hua)(hua)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)，利(li)用(yong)大數(shu)據、“互聯(lian)網+”實施市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、專業化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)全過程風險(xian)(xian)精準(zhun)管理，著力防(fang)范化(hua)(hua)(hua)解資(zi)金(jin)供(gong)給(gei)、使(shi)用(yong)風險(xian)(xian)。

三是全(quan)力(li)打造國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)協同的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)融合格局(ju)。以著眼于構建完整(zheng)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈條、優化(hua)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)布局(ju)、建設現代產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體系(xi)和(he)(he)(he)完善企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)理結構、提升治(zhi)理能力(li)、健(jian)全(quan)現代企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)度等宏(hong)微觀相結合的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)為目標，深化(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)聯(lian)合、混(hun)(hun)(hun)合的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)制(zhi)，形成(cheng)優勢(shi)互(hu)補、特色鮮(xian)明、機(ji)制(zhi)靈活、結構多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)、身份(fen)平等、分配(pei)公(gong)平的(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合所有(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)。一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面，打造“國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)+”、“民(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)+”的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)格局(ju)，探索國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)改納(na)入上下(xia)游有(you)(you)條件(jian)(jian)的(de)關聯(lian)民(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)路徑，以大(da)(da)帶小；尋求大(da)(da)型龍頭民(min)(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)股權多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)優先(xian)(xian)納(na)入有(you)(you)條件(jian)(jian)的(de)關聯(lian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法，以強扶弱，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)更(geng)多(duo)(duo)領(ling)域、更(geng)大(da)(da)范圍內形成(cheng)雙向(xiang)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)新氣象，推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)經(jing)濟(ji)在(zai)更(geng)廣時(shi)空(kong)、更(geng)深層(ceng)次上形成(cheng)“你中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)我(wo)、我(wo)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)你”的(de)新局(ju)面。另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面，創新國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)形式(shi)。運(yun)用市場機(ji)制(zhi)讓國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)“攀親(qin)結對”，主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)精準對接和(he)(he)(he)相互(hu)遴(lin)選，更(geng)好發(fa)(fa)揮政府(fu)牽線搭橋、鼓(gu)勵幫扶、跟蹤(zong)服務(wu)、解憂排難的(de)作用，支持業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)領(ling)域相近、發(fa)(fa)展方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)相似、優勢(shi)互(hu)補較強的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)優先(xian)(xian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合，形成(cheng)“精準遴(lin)選—優先(xian)(xian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合—托底共濟(ji)”的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)新方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)，實(shi)現國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)營(ying)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)有(you)(you)效融合和(he)(he)(he)高(gao)效協同。

四是全力(li)構建(jian)國有民(min)營(ying)協同的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)體系。通過(guo)混(hun)合(he)所有制(zhi)(zhi)改革，完善國企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、優化(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)結構，進而(er)加(jia)強(qiang)兩(liang)者現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)協同發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)度(du)。首先，以轉變管理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)念為基本(ben)前提(ti)。破除(chu)責(ze)(ze)權利(li)不(bu)明(ming)、內部人控制(zhi)(zhi)、家族式管理(li)(li)(li)、家長式決(jue)策等企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)障礙，倡(chang)導產權清晰(xi)、責(ze)(ze)權明(ming)確、管理(li)(li)(li)專業(ye)、決(jue)策科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)念。其(qi)次，以建(jian)立(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)為重要(yao)抓手。要(yao)清晰(xi)界定混(hun)合(he)所有制(zhi)(zhi)改革中國企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產權和(he)(he)利(li)益分配結構，科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)劃分治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)權責(ze)(ze)邊(bian)界，充分吸收國企(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)特長，補上民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)缺(que)失的(de)(de)(de)(de)“短板(ban)”，形(xing)成相互協調(diao)有力(li)、決(jue)策科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、制(zhi)(zhi)衡有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)結構；要(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)建(jian)設(she)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)習借鑒民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)參與市(shi)場(chang)競爭、靈活經(jing)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗，探索選人用人市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)、激勵約束(shu)機制(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)、考核分配標準化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)，提(ti)升國企(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)程(cheng)度(du)。再次，以完善現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)體系為根本(ben)目標。國企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)要(yao)以混(hun)合(he)所有制(zhi)(zhi)股權多樣化(hua)和(he)(he)主(zhu)體多元化(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)為契機，建(jian)立(li)從治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)念方式優化(hua)、體制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)完善到治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)目標科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)效率(lv)提(ti)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)體系，提(ti)升治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平和(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)能力(li)，進而(er)構筑高質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)國有民(min)營(ying)協同的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)經(jing)濟(ji)格局。（重慶國際投資(zi)咨(zi)詢集團智(zhi)庫研究中心 楊樹維 李培）

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