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改(gai)(gai)革開放40年來(lai)，民(min)(min)營(ying)經(jing)濟(ji)已經(jing)成為(wei)推動我國經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展不可或缺(que)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)力量，成為(wei)創業(ye)就(jiu)業(ye)的主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)領域、技術創新的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)載體(ti)、國家稅收的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)來(lai)源。民(min)(min)營(ying)經(jing)濟(ji)是社會主(zhu)(zhu)義市場(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)成果，是推動社會主(zhu)(zhu)義市場(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)力量，是推進供給側結構性改(gai)(gai)革、推動高質量發(fa)展、建設現(xian)代化(hua)經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)系的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)。

建設(she)現代化經(jing)濟體(ti)系，應進一步創新(xin)國(guo)有企(qi)業與(yu)民營企(qi)業合作(zuo)形(xing)式，著眼于兩(liang)者的(de)協作(zuo)協調發展，構筑國(guo)有民營高(gao)質量協同發展的(de)新(xin)格局。

一是(shi)全力(li)提升(sheng)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)民(min)營(ying)協同(tong)的資(zi)(zi)源配(pei)置效率。在重要基礎設施和國(guo)(guo)家安全領域，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)經濟要牢(lao)牢(lao)占據主導(dao)地位，壯大(da)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)經濟，同(tong)時(shi)可探索(suo)允許民(min)營(ying)經濟適當參股入(ru)股的路徑，如作財務投資(zi)(zi)者，按股比(bi)(bi)享受紅利(li)分配(pei)而不參與企業管理和生(sheng)產(chan)經營(ying)，發揮民(min)企參與建(jian)設的積極性，盤活民(min)營(ying)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)，進而放(fang)大(da)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)功能(neng)，提升(sheng)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)民(min)營(ying)的協同(tong)程(cheng)度；在完全競爭領域，堅持市(shi)(shi)場(chang)取向，優勝劣汰。在市(shi)(shi)場(chang)失靈方(fang)面，政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)可根(gen)據市(shi)(shi)場(chang)反饋精準識別具有(you)(you)(you)動(dong)態比(bi)(bi)較優勢和技術創新(xin)(xin)優勢的國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)或(huo)民(min)營(ying)企業，擇強選好配(pei)優，通(tong)過政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策引(yin)導(dao)優化資(zi)(zi)源配(pei)置結構。同(tong)時(shi)，建(jian)立(li)動(dong)態的退出機制，創新(xin)(xin)企業主動(dong)、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)撬(qiao)動(dong)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)推動(dong)的三元聯(lian)動(dong)資(zi)(zi)源配(pei)置形式(shi)，深化資(zi)(zi)本(ben)配(pei)置程(cheng)度。

二(er)是全(quan)力(li)優(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)國(guo)有(you)民(min)(min)營協(xie)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)政策支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。第一，完善市(shi)場平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)準入機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。盡(jin)快制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)和(he)出臺(tai)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)市(shi)場準入“正負面(mian)清單(dan)”，堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)正面(mian)清單(dan)平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)進(jin)入、平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)競爭、平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)審核、平(ping)(ping)等(deng)(deng)待遇(yu)，負面(mian)清單(dan)嚴格審查、嚴格管理(li)和(he)嚴格禁入。第二(er)，建(jian)立協(xie)同(tong)(tong)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)創造(zao)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。依托(tuo)市(shi)場建(jian)立國(guo)有(you)和(he)民(min)(min)營協(xie)同(tong)(tong)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)，配套協(xie)同(tong)(tong)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)基金(jin)(jin)(jin)、創造(zao)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)基金(jin)(jin)(jin)鼓(gu)勵支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)科技(ji)(ji)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，將技(ji)(ji)術、人才、資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)等(deng)(deng)要素資(zi)(zi)源整(zheng)合集聚(ju)，提(ti)高要素資(zi)(zi)源的(de)(de)流動性和(he)使用(yong)效率，形成(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術協(xie)同(tong)(tong)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、成(cheng)果(guo)均衡分配的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，充(chong)分發(fa)揮(hui)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)溢出效應，促進(jin)民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)技(ji)(ji)術革(ge)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)；積極發(fa)揮(hui)民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)基礎能(neng)力(li)、示范和(he)帶動作用(yong)，提(ti)升(sheng)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)動力(li)。第三，優(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)特(te)別支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)政策。一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，深(shen)化(hua)(hua)普惠(hui)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)供(gong)給(gei)側改(gai)革(ge)，商業(ye)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)應精準識別有(you)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)、技(ji)(ji)術實力(li)、市(shi)場潛(qian)力(li)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)，優(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控制(zhi)(zhi)標準，可與其主業(ye)有(you)緊密關聯的(de)(de)國(guo)有(you)資(zi)(zi)本、各類基金(jin)(jin)(jin)（保(bao)險(xian)(xian)、證券、風(feng)投、私募）或(huo)其他社會資(zi)(zi)本共同(tong)(tong)成(cheng)立民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)發(fa)展(zhan)特(te)別基金(jin)(jin)(jin)，分散資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)供(gong)給(gei)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)；另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)民(min)(min)營企(qi)(qi)業(ye)債(zhai)券融(rong)資(zi)(zi)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)工(gong)具形式，加強(qiang)全(quan)過程風(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理(li)，充(chong)分利用(yong)信(xin)用(yong)擔保(bao)、債(zhai)權(quan)抵(di)押(ya)、股權(quan)質押(ya)、信(xin)用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)緩釋(shi)等(deng)(deng)工(gong)具，創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)關聯擔保(bao)、混(hun)改(gai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)聯合擔保(bao)等(deng)(deng)形式強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)，利用(yong)大數據、“互(hu)聯網(wang)+”實施市(shi)場化(hua)(hua)、專業(ye)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)全(quan)過程風(feng)險(xian)(xian)精準管理(li)，著力(li)防范化(hua)(hua)解資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)供(gong)給(gei)、使用(yong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)。

三是(shi)全力打(da)造國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)協同的(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)融(rong)合(he)格(ge)局(ju)。以著眼于構(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)完(wan)整產業(ye)(ye)鏈條、優(you)化(hua)(hua)產業(ye)(ye)布局(ju)、建(jian)設現代產業(ye)(ye)體(ti)系和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善企(qi)業(ye)(ye)治(zhi)理結構(gou)(gou)(gou)、提升治(zhi)理能(neng)力、健全現代企(qi)業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)度(du)等(deng)宏微觀相結合(he)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)為目標，深化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)企(qi)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)、混合(he)的(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)機制(zhi)，形成優(you)勢互補(bu)、特(te)色(se)鮮明、機制(zhi)靈活、結構(gou)(gou)(gou)多(duo)元(yuan)、身份平等(deng)、分配公(gong)平的(de)(de)混合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面，打(da)造“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)+”、“民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)+”的(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)格(ge)局(ju)，探(tan)索國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)混改(gai)納(na)入(ru)上下游有(you)條件(jian)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)聯(lian)(lian)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)路徑，以大(da)帶小(xiao)；尋求大(da)型(xing)龍頭民(min)(min)企(qi)股(gu)權(quan)多(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)優(you)先(xian)納(na)入(ru)有(you)條件(jian)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)聯(lian)(lian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)的(de)(de)方(fang)法，以強扶(fu)弱，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)企(qi)在更(geng)多(duo)領域、更(geng)大(da)范圍內(nei)形成雙向互動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)新氣象，推(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)經(jing)濟在更(geng)廣時空(kong)、更(geng)深層(ceng)次上形成“你中(zhong)有(you)我、我中(zhong)有(you)你”的(de)(de)新局(ju)面。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面，創(chuang)新國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)形式(shi)。運用(yong)市(shi)場機制(zhi)讓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)企(qi)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)“攀親結對”，主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)精(jing)(jing)準對接(jie)和(he)(he)(he)相互遴(lin)選，更(geng)好發揮政府牽線搭橋、鼓勵幫扶(fu)、跟蹤服(fu)務(wu)、解憂排(pai)難的(de)(de)作用(yong)，支(zhi)持業(ye)(ye)務(wu)領域相近(jin)、發展方(fang)向相似、優(you)勢互補(bu)較強的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)(min)企(qi)優(you)先(xian)混合(he)，形成“精(jing)(jing)準遴(lin)選—優(you)先(xian)混合(he)—托底共濟”的(de)(de)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)新方(fang)式(shi)，實現國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)有(you)效融(rong)合(he)和(he)(he)(he)高效協同。

四是全力構(gou)建(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)營協同(tong)的(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)。通(tong)過混合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制改革，完善國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制度、優化(hua)(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)結構(gou)，進而(er)加強(qiang)兩者現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)協同(tong)發展的(de)(de)力度。首先，以(yi)(yi)轉變管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)(nian)為(wei)基本(ben)(ben)前(qian)提(ti)。破除(chu)責(ze)權(quan)利不明、內(nei)部(bu)人(ren)控(kong)制、家(jia)族式(shi)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)、家(jia)長(chang)式(shi)決策等企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)發展的(de)(de)障(zhang)礙，倡(chang)導產權(quan)清晰、責(ze)權(quan)明確、管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)專業(ye)、決策科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)(nian)。其次，以(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制度為(wei)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)抓手。要(yao)(yao)(yao)清晰界(jie)定(ding)混合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制改革中國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)產權(quan)和(he)利益分(fen)配結構(gou)，科(ke)學(xue)劃(hua)分(fen)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)主體的(de)(de)權(quan)責(ze)邊(bian)界(jie)，充分(fen)吸收(shou)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)特長(chang)，補上民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)缺失的(de)(de)“短板”，形成相(xiang)互協調有(you)(you)力、決策科(ke)學(xue)、制衡有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)結構(gou)；要(yao)(yao)(yao)加強(qiang)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)設，學(xue)習借鑒民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)參與市(shi)場(chang)競爭、靈活經營的(de)(de)經驗，探索選人(ren)用人(ren)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)、激勵約束機制化(hua)(hua)、考核分(fen)配標準化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體制，提(ti)升國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度。再次，以(yi)(yi)完善現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)為(wei)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)目標。國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)以(yi)(yi)混合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)制股權(quan)多(duo)(duo)樣化(hua)(hua)和(he)主體多(duo)(duo)元化(hua)(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)契機，建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)從治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)(nian)方式(shi)優化(hua)(hua)、體制機制完善到治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)目標科(ke)學(xue)、治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)率提(ti)高的(de)(de)全過程(cheng)的(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制度和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)，提(ti)升治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水平(ping)和(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)能力，進而(er)構(gou)筑高質量(liang)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)營協同(tong)的(de)(de)新經濟格局。（重慶國(guo)(guo)際(ji)投資咨(zi)詢集(ji)團智庫研究中心 楊樹(shu)維 李培）

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