文章來源：光明日報 發布時間：2019-12-04
【紀念改革開放(fang)40周年】
改(gai)革開(kai)放(fang)40年來，國有企(qi)(qi)業改(gai)革以其(qi)牽涉(she)面(mian)廣、錯綜復雜，成為經濟體制改(gai)革的中心環節和重點、難點。隨(sui)著全面(mian)深(shen)(shen)化改(gai)革的推進(jin)，國有企(qi)(qi)業改(gai)革也進(jin)入深(shen)(shen)水區，黨的十九大對深(shen)(shen)化國企(qi)(qi)改(gai)革提出新要求。立足(zu)新時代，實(shi)現國企(qi)(qi)改(gai)革既定目標，需要在回顧國企(qi)(qi)改(gai)革歷史、總結(jie)取(qu)得的主(zhu)要經驗(yan)基礎上，將國企(qi)(qi)改(gai)革不斷(duan)向前推進(jin)。
國企改革的歷程與取得的成就
國(guo)(guo)企(qi)改(gai)革40年(nian)，大致可以分(fen)為四個歷史(shi)時(shi)期(qi)：從1978年(nian)到(dao)1988年(nian)，是(shi)國(guo)(guo)家對國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)經(jing)營(ying)管(guan)理(li)方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行改(gai)革的(de)時(shi)期(qi)，國(guo)(guo)企(qi)改(gai)革主(zhu)要包(bao)括放權(quan)讓利和兩權(quan)分(fen)離等內(nei)容；從1988年(nian)到(dao)1998年(nian)，是(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)革時(shi)期(qi)，國(guo)(guo)企(qi)改(gai)革主(zhu)要包(bao)括轉換(huan)企(qi)業(ye)經(jing)營(ying)機制(zhi)、建立現代企(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)與國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)重組等內(nei)容；從1998年(nian)到(dao)2012年(nian)，是(shi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)資(zi)產(chan)監督管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革時(shi)期(qi)，國(guo)(guo)企(qi)改(gai)革主(zhu)要包(bao)括國(guo)(guo)有(you)經(jing)濟戰(zhan)略性調整、設立國(guo)(guo)資(zi)委、完善國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)業(ye)法人(ren)治理(li)結構、壟斷行業(ye)改(gai)革等內(nei)容；2012年(nian)黨(dang)的(de)十八(ba)大召開至今(jin)，是(shi)深化(hua)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)改(gai)革時(shi)期(qi)，國(guo)(guo)企(qi)改(gai)革主(zhu)要以分(fen)類(lei)改(gai)革為前(qian)提(ti)，以發(fa)展混合所有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟為突破口，相關各(ge)項改(gai)革繼續推進(jin)。
40年來，從(cong)國有(you)國營(ying)形式(shi)下國家和企業(ye)(ye)之(zhi)間利(li)益關系的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整轉變到公有(you)制(zhi)實(shi)現形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)變革(ge)和多樣化，從(cong)企業(ye)(ye)自身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)轉變到以國有(you)企業(ye)(ye)改革(ge)為核心的(de)(de)(de)全面經濟體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)，國企改革(ge)一(yi)直圍繞三條線索展開：一(yi)是改革(ge)政府(fu)與企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)關系，二是改革(ge)國有(you)企業(ye)(ye)自身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度安排，三是完善國有(you)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)外部環境。這40年來國有(you)企業(ye)(ye)改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)與實(shi)踐，成(cheng)(cheng)為中國特(te)色(se)社會主(zhu)義理論(lun)體(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)重要組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)部分(fen)。
經(jing)(jing)過(guo)40年(nian)的(de)理論(lun)研究和(he)實(shi)(shi)踐探索，國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)改(gai)革(ge)取得輝煌成就(jiu)。首先(xian)，國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)改(gai)革(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)民營(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提供(gong)了(le)支(zhi)持(chi)和(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)空間，國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)民企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)都獲得跨越式(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，呈現出同步創(chuang)新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)態勢。比如，2018年(nian)美國(guo)(guo)《財富(fu)》世界500強(qiang)(qiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)中，中國(guo)(guo)上榜公司(si)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)連(lian)續第(di)15年(nian)增長，達到120家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，其(qi)中國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)83家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、民企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)37家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，穩居第(di)二，已經(jing)(jing)非常接近美國(guo)(guo)（126家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)），遠(yuan)超第(di)三(san)位的(de)日本（52家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)）。榜單排名躍升最快的(de)前10家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)公司(si)中，有(you)8家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)來自(zi)中國(guo)(guo)內地，而其(qi)中4家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是民營(ying)(ying)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)。2018年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)500強(qiang)(qiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)共實(shi)(shi)現營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)收(shou)入(ru)71.17萬(wan)億元，較2017年(nian)增長了(le)11.20%，237家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)民營(ying)(ying)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)上榜，較上年(nian)增加(jia)了(le)11家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)與民營(ying)(ying)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)入(ru)圍數(shu)(shu)量(liang)差距進(jin)一步縮(suo)小。其(qi)次，國(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)改(gai)革(ge)推(tui)(tui)動了(le)社會主(zhu)義市(shi)場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)的(de)建立和(he)完(wan)善，也為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)他領域經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)積累了(le)寶貴經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)，并且提供(gong)了(le)支(zhi)持(chi)和(he)保障。國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)改(gai)革(ge)與發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)改(gai)革(ge)開(kai)放(fang)提供(gong)了(le)堅實(shi)(shi)的(de)物質(zhi)基(ji)礎，有(you)力地推(tui)(tui)動了(le)我國(guo)(guo)工業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)從高速度(du)邁(mai)向高質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。再次，國(guo)(guo)有(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)布(bu)局和(he)結(jie)構不斷優化，國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)能力不斷增強(qiang)(qiang)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)我國(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)持(chi)續快速增長和(he)實(shi)(shi)現高質(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、創(chuang)新(xin)驅動發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)奠(dian)定了(le)良好(hao)的(de)基(ji)礎。近年(nian)來，以中央企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)代表(biao)的(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在高鐵(tie)、特高壓、載(zai)人(ren)航天、繞月探測、深海鉆井(jing)平臺、深潛探測等領域取得一大批具(ju)有(you)自(zi)主(zhu)知識(shi)產權和(he)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)先(xian)進(jin)水平的(de)成果，成為(wei)(wei)(wei)我國(guo)(guo)科技創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)典(dian)范。
國企改革的基本邏輯與經驗
40年國(guo)有企(qi)業改革(ge)是一個解放思(si)想、實事求是的漸進式(shi)改革(ge)過程，改革(ge)的思(si)路是逐漸清(qing)晰的，改革(ge)的實踐是逐漸深入的，走出了(le)一條中國(guo)特色改革(ge)之路。回過頭來看，國(guo)企(qi)改革(ge)之所以能(neng)夠順利推進并(bing)取得巨大(da)成功，是因(yin)為形成了(le)以下基本邏輯(ji)與(yu)寶貴經(jing)驗。
一(yi)是(shi)堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)、多(duo)種(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)“兩(liang)(liang)個毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)搖”，推進(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)布局和(he)(he)(he)結構(gou)調(diao)整。改(gai)革開放之初的(de)(de)(de)1980年(nian)(nian)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企業所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)占(zhan)比重(zhong)為(wei)(wei)76%，集體(ti)企業所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)占(zhan)比重(zhong)為(wei)(wei)24%，呈(cheng)現公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)統天下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)。1982年(nian)(nian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)保護個體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)被寫入了(le)《中(zhong)華人民(min)共和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)憲法(fa)(fa)》。1987年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)三(san)大(da)對私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)給予(yu)了(le)明確(que)(que)定位(wei)，指出(chu)(chu)私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)補充(chong)(chong)。隨后(hou)，私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)合法(fa)(fa)地(di)(di)位(wei)在(zai)憲法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)首次得(de)到(dao)確(que)(que)認，1988年(nian)(nian)《憲法(fa)(fa)修(xiu)正案》指出(chu)(chu)：“國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)允許私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)法(fa)(fa)律規定的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍內存在(zai)和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。”私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)迎來快(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)時(shi)期。1992年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)四(si)大(da)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)明確(que)(que)了(le)社會主(zhu)(zhu)義市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結構(gou)：以公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)，個體(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、私(si)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、外資(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)補充(chong)(chong)，多(duo)種(zhong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)分(fen)長期共同(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。1993年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)四(si)屆三(san)中(zhong)全(quan)會突破了(le)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)“有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)益(yi)補充(chong)(chong)”的(de)(de)(de)傳統定位(wei)，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)：“堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)、多(duo)種(zhong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)分(fen)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)方針”“國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)要(yao)為(wei)(wei)各種(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)平等參(can)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)競(jing)爭創造條件”。1997年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)五大(da)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)首次確(que)(que)認了(le)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)、多(duo)種(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)社會主(zhu)(zhu)義初級階段的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項(xiang)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度”。2002年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)六大(da)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)根據(ju)解放和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善(shan)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，并首次提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)“兩(liang)(liang)個毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)搖”，即“必須毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)搖地(di)(di)鞏(gong)固和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”“必須毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)搖地(di)(di)鼓勵、支持(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)(he)引(yin)導非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)”。指出(chu)(chu)“堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)，促進(jin)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，統一(yi)于(yu)社會主(zhu)(zhu)義現代化建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)能把這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)者對立起(qi)來。各種(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)完(wan)全(quan)可(ke)以在(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)競(jing)爭中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮各自優勢，相互促進(jin)，共同(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)”。堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)、多(duo)種(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度還被寫入《中(zhong)華人民(min)共和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)憲法(fa)(fa)》（1999年(nian)(nian)修(xiu)訂）和(he)(he)(he)《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)章》（2002）。黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)七大(da)、十(shi)(shi)八大(da)、十(shi)(shi)九大(da)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)都(dou)重(zhong)申了(le)堅(jian)持(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)(he)完(wan)善(shan)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度和(he)(he)(he)“兩(liang)(liang)個毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)搖”。黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)九大(da)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)還提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)，加快(kuai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)布局優化、結構(gou)調(diao)整、戰略(lve)性重(zhong)組(zu)，全(quan)面(mian)實(shi)施市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)準(zhun)入負面(mian)清單，清理廢除妨(fang)礙(ai)統一(yi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)和(he)(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平競(jing)爭的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)規定和(he)(he)(he)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)，支持(chi)(chi)民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，激發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)各類主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)活力(li)(li)，打破行(xing)政(zheng)壟(long)斷，防(fang)止(zhi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)壟(long)斷。正是(shi)在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)民(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)都(dou)獲得(de)巨大(da)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企業數量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)占(zhan)比重(zhong)雖然大(da)幅下(xia)(xia)降，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產(chan)規模(mo)卻大(da)幅提(ti)(ti)升，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際影響力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)斷加強(qiang)。
二(er)是(shi)(shi)堅持(chi)黨(dang)(dang)對國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)領導，推(tui)(tui)(tui)進國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)制(zhi)度(du)(du)建(jian)設(she)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)(shi)逐漸多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)化(hua)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)(shi)就是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)組織形(xing)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)方式(shi)(shi)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)化(hua)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)現在，公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)組織形(xing)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)方式(shi)(shi)由傳統的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獨資(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)(he)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)擴(kuo)展(zhan)到股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)合(he)(he)作(zuo)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)等(deng)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)制(zhi)度(du)(du)建(jian)設(she)首先是(shi)(shi)解(jie)決所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)代表(biao)和(he)(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)者(zhe)權(quan)益保障(zhang)問題(ti)，其(qi)次是(shi)(shi)解(jie)決委托—代理問題(ti)和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產流失問題(ti)。為(wei)此，改(gai)革(ge)(ge)開放40年(nian)來，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)進行(xing)了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)、建(jian)立和(he)(he)(he)完善(shan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)治理結構，并逐步(bu)完善(shan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產監督(du)管理體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系、設(she)立國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)委等(deng)。混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)也是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)制(zhi)度(du)(du)變(bian)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)延續和(he)(he)(he)創新(xin)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang)化(hua)基于(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)對股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)理論(lun)與實(shi)踐探索(suo)。1993年(nian)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十四(si)屆(jie)(jie)三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)會《關于(yu)建(jian)立社(she)會主(zhu)義市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)若干問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)決定》最早(zao)提(ti)出(chu)了(le)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)思想。1997年(nian)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十五(wu)大(da)文件(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)現了(le)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)。2002年(nian)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十六(liu)大(da)報(bao)(bao)告進一步(bu)探索(suo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)特別是(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，積極(ji)推(tui)(tui)(tui)行(xing)股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)，發(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)。黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十六(liu)屆(jie)(jie)三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)會提(ti)出(chu)：大(da)力(li)發(fa)展(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、集體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和(he)(he)(he)非公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)等(deng)參股(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，實(shi)現投資(zi)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)多(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)，使股(gu)(gu)份(fen)(fen)制(zhi)成(cheng)為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。2007年(nian)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十七大(da)報(bao)(bao)告指(zhi)出(chu)：“以(yi)現代產權(quan)制(zhi)度(du)(du)為(wei)基礎，發(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)”。2013年(nian)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十八屆(jie)(jie)三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)會為(wei)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)注(zhu)入了(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容，指(zhi)出(chu)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、集體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)、非公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)等(deng)交(jiao)叉(cha)持(chi)股(gu)(gu)、相互融合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，是(shi)(shi)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)重要實(shi)現形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。”2017年(nian)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十九大(da)報(bao)(bao)告提(ti)出(chu)，完善(shan)各(ge)類國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產管理體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)，改(gai)革(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)授權(quan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)，推(tui)(tui)(tui)動國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)做(zuo)強(qiang)做(zuo)優做(zuo)大(da)，發(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，培育(yu)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)全(quan)球競爭力(li)的(de)(de)(de)世界一流企(qi)(qi)業(ye)。
三(san)(san)是(shi)探索國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)之路，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)逐(zhu)漸成(cheng)為獨(du)立(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。1984年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)二屆(jie)三(san)(san)中全(quan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)《關(guan)于(yu)(yu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)決定》肯定了商品經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)價值規律的(de)(de)(de)作用，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化改(gai)革(ge)得以(yi)繼續向(xiang)前推進。1987年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)三(san)(san)大(da)報告指出，社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)計劃的(de)(de)(de)商品經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，應(ying)該是(shi)計劃與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)內在(zai)統(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，總體(ti)(ti)(ti)上來說應(ying)該是(shi)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家調節市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)引(yin)導(dao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。1992年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)四大(da)確(que)立(li)(li)了社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化改(gai)革(ge)方(fang)向(xiang)也隨(sui)(sui)之確(que)立(li)(li)。黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)四屆(jie)三(san)(san)中全(quan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)進一步(bu)(bu)確(que)定了社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)框架：社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，就是(shi)要(yao)使(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家宏觀調控下對資源配置(zhi)起基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎性作用。為實現(xian)(xian)這(zhe)個目(mu)(mu)標(biao)，必須堅持以(yi)公有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、多種經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)分共同(tong)(tong)發展的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針，進一步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)換國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，建立(li)(li)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)，產權明晰、責權明確(que)、政企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分開、管理科學的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度。建設(she)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)就是(shi)在(zai)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度下引(yin)入市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，核心是(shi)培(pei)育(yu)自主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營、自負(fu)盈(ying)虧(kui)、自我(wo)發展、自我(wo)約束的(de)(de)(de)微觀市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)難(nan)點和(he)(he)關(guan)鍵(jian)是(shi)使(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相融合(he)。從傳(chuan)統(tong)計劃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)營企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)轉(zhuan)變為適(shi)(shi)應(ying)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)立(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)競爭主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)乃(nai)至中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)中心任(ren)務(wu)。但(dan)這(zhe)一過程異(yi)常艱(jian)難(nan)。隨(sui)(sui)著市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)深入，大(da)量國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)由于(yu)(yu)不能適(shi)(shi)應(ying)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)而陷入困(kun)境。1997年(nian)(nian)黨(dang)和(he)(he)政府提出幫助(zhu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)脫困(kun)的(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務(wu)，在(zai)幫助(zhu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)大(da)中型企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)脫困(kun)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)時，進行現(xian)(xian)代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度試點，逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)推行公司制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、股份制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，努力使(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)成(cheng)為適(shi)(shi)應(ying)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發展的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)法人(ren)實體(ti)(ti)(ti)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過多年(nian)(nian)改(gai)革(ge)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發展，逐(zhu)步(bu)(bu)成(cheng)為自主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。
總之(zhi)，堅持(chi)社(she)會主義初級(ji)階段(duan)的(de)(de)基本經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度，堅持(chi)“兩個毫不(bu)(bu)動(dong)搖”，走(zou)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)取向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)之(zhi)路，是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)改(gai)革(ge)40年的(de)(de)基本邏輯和(he)(he)最重(zhong)要經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗。市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)(hua)并非(fei)私(si)有(you)化(hua)(hua)，發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)混合所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)也絕不(bu)(bu)是私(si)有(you)化(hua)(hua)。但(dan)二者(zhe)必須建立在(zai)分類改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)，不(bu)(bu)能簡單地把所有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)都推向(xiang)(xiang)市(shi)場(chang)，也不(bu)(bu)能把所有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)都進(jin)行一(yi)刀切(qie)式(shi)混改(gai)。一(yi)定要基于不(bu)(bu)同行業(ye)和(he)(he)類型(xing)，一(yi)企(qi)(qi)一(yi)策，在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)配置(zhi)資源(yuan)和(he)(he)公(gong)平、公(gong)正、公(gong)開、透明的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)發(fa)揮(hui)好政(zheng)府的(de)(de)引導和(he)(he)監督保障作用。實踐證明，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)市(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)能夠有(you)機(ji)結(jie)合，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)民(min)(min)營企(qi)(qi)業(ye)能夠共同發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成(cheng)、相(xiang)互有(you)機(ji)融(rong)合。離開國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)革(ge)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)所提供的(de)(de)巨大空間和(he)(he)支持(chi)，民(min)(min)營企(qi)(qi)業(ye)不(bu)(bu)會取得今天的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)成(cheng)就；反之(zhi)，沒(mei)有(you)民(min)(min)營企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)競爭壓力和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)整體發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)及其改(gai)革(ge)也不(bu)(bu)會取得今天這樣(yang)的(de)(de)成(cheng)效。“國(guo)(guo)(guo)進(jin)”不(bu)(bu)等于“民(min)(min)退”，“民(min)(min)進(jin)”也不(bu)(bu)等于“國(guo)(guo)(guo)退”。
新時代國企改革展望
黨(dang)的(de)(de)十八大以來，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)改(gai)革不斷(duan)取(qu)得(de)新的(de)(de)更大進展(zhan)(zhan)。在看到成績的(de)(de)同(tong)時，也必須(xu)看到，與黨(dang)的(de)(de)十九大對(dui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業改(gai)革提(ti)出的(de)(de)目標要(yao)求(qiu)相比，與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業應該擔負(fu)起的(de)(de)使命責任相比，當前國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業改(gai)革和發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)仍存(cun)在較大差(cha)距。未來國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)改(gai)革和發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)要(yao)以習近平新時代中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色(se)社會(hui)(hui)主義(yi)思想為指導，遵循新發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)理(li)念和“三個有(you)(you)利(li)于”的(de)(de)原則，繼續(xu)堅(jian)持(chi)社會(hui)(hui)主義(yi)初級階(jie)段的(de)(de)基本經濟(ji)(ji)制度(du)和“兩(liang)個毫不動搖”，著眼于國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)、民企(qi)(qi)(qi)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資、民資公平競(jing)爭、協(xie)同(tong)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，著眼于整個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民經濟(ji)(ji)健康可持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。
做(zuo)強(qiang)做(zuo)優做(zuo)大(da)(da)國有(you)資(zi)(zi)本和(he)(he)培育具有(you)全球競爭(zheng)力的(de)(de)世(shi)界一流(liu)企(qi)業是新時代(dai)(dai)國企(qi)國資(zi)(zi)改革的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)目(mu)標。為(wei)此，要(yao)加快(kuai)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)國特(te)色現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)國有(you)企(qi)業制(zhi)度，在分(fen)類改革的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上積(ji)極發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)，繼續(xu)完善國有(you)資(zi)(zi)產監督管理(li)體(ti)(ti)系和(he)(he)公司(si)治理(li)結構，抓好供給側結構性改革和(he)(he)市場化(hua)經(jing)營(ying)機制(zhi)與(yu)激勵機制(zhi)建(jian)設(she)，堅持(chi)自主創(chuang)新，堅持(chi)和(he)(he)完善黨的(de)(de)領導、加強(qiang)和(he)(he)改進黨的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)。國企(qi)改革將為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國經(jing)濟(ji)高質量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)(he)建(jian)設(she)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)(ti)系、加快(kuai)實現(xian)(xian)創(chuang)新驅(qu)動發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)作(zuo)出新的(de)(de)更大(da)(da)貢獻，進而為(wei)把我(wo)國建(jian)設(she)成為(wei)富強(qiang)民(min)主文(wen)明和(he)(he)諧美(mei)麗的(de)(de)社會主義(yi)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)化(hua)強(qiang)國、實現(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)族偉大(da)(da)復(fu)興作(zuo)出應有(you)的(de)(de)貢獻。（作(zuo)者 李政）
【責任編輯：語謙】