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2020年年底召開的(de)中央(yang)經濟(ji)工作會議(yi)，提(ti)出(chu)(chu)注(zhu)重需(xu)(xu)求側管(guan)理(li)。會議(yi)指(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，“加快(kuai)構(gou)建(jian)以國內(nei)大循(xun)環(huan)為主體(ti)、國內(nei)國際雙循(xun)環(huan)相互(hu)促進(jin)的(de)新發(fa)展格局，要緊(jin)(jin)緊(jin)(jin)扭(niu)住供(gong)(gong)給(gei)側結構(gou)性改革這條(tiao)主線(xian)，注(zhu)重需(xu)(xu)求側管(guan)理(li)，打通(tong)(tong)堵點，補(bu)齊短板，貫(guan)通(tong)(tong)生產、分配(pei)、流通(tong)(tong)、消費各環(huan)節，形成需(xu)(xu)求牽引供(gong)(gong)給(gei)、供(gong)(gong)給(gei)創造需(xu)(xu)求的(de)更高(gao)水平(ping)動(dong)態平(ping)衡，提(ti)升國民經濟(ji)體(ti)系(xi)整體(ti)效能”。需(xu)(xu)求側管(guan)理(li)是(shi)進(jin)入(ru)新發(fa)展階段的(de)戰略(lve)抉擇，是(shi)構(gou)建(jian)新發(fa)展格局的(de)重要內(nei)容，其指(zhi)導(dao)思想是(shi)中國特(te)色社(she)會主義(yi)政治經濟(ji)學(xue)。

去年以來，國內市場(chang)受新冠肺(fei)炎疫情沖擊，需求受到了(le)抑(yi)制，全(quan)(quan)球經(jing)濟(ji)遲(chi)遲(chi)無法復蘇也使(shi)外部(bu)市場(chang)存在(zai)很大不確定性，但我(wo)國依然(ran)能夠成為世界上(shang)唯一實現正增長的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)體。其中(zhong)，超(chao)大規模的(de)內需市場(chang)發揮(hui)了(le)重(zhong)要作用(yong)。中(zhong)國有14億人口，人均國內生產(chan)總(zong)值已突破1萬美(mei)元，是全(quan)(quan)球最(zui)大最(zui)有潛力的(de)消費市場(chang)，蘊含(han)巨大增長空間。提出(chu)需求側管(guan)理，就是要把潛在(zai)需求激發出(chu)來變成現實需求，繼續發揮(hui)消費在(zai)經(jing)濟(ji)增長中(zhong)的(de)基礎作用(yong)。

需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)管理不僅注重(zhong)激(ji)發(fa)短期的(de)(de)總(zong)量(liang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，也聚焦(jiao)制約總(zong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)中(zhong)長(chang)期、系(xi)統性問(wen)題，致力于構建(jian)完整的(de)(de)內需(xu)(xu)(xu)體(ti)系(xi)，強(qiang)調(diao)提(ti)高(gao)居(ju)民收(shou)入在國(guo)民收(shou)入分配中(zhong)的(de)(de)比重(zhong)，進而提(ti)高(gao)居(ju)民消(xiao)費(fei)在國(guo)內需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)比重(zhong)。2014-2020年中(zhong)國(guo)消(xiao)費(fei)連續7年成(cheng)為經濟增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)第一拉動力，2020年國(guo)內生(sheng)產總(zong)值突破100萬(wan)億元(yuan)，人均國(guo)內生(sheng)產總(zong)值達到1萬(wan)美(mei)元(yuan)，城鎮化率超過60%，中(zhong)等收(shou)入群體(ti)超過4億人，人民對美(mei)好(hao)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)不斷提(ti)高(gao)，帶動了(le)消(xiao)費(fei)總(zong)量(liang)的(de)(de)擴(kuo)大和結構升(sheng)級(ji)，從中(zhong)長(chang)期來看(kan)，我國(guo)依然(ran)有(you)著(zhu)巨大的(de)(de)消(xiao)費(fei)潛力。進入新發(fa)展階段，實(shi)施需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)管理，最終是要(yao)以擴(kuo)大內需(xu)(xu)(xu)為戰略基(ji)點，推動消(xiao)費(fei)升(sheng)級(ji)、激(ji)發(fa)潛在需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，實(shi)現高(gao)質量(liang)發(fa)展。

中央經(jing)濟工(gong)作會議提出“要緊(jin)緊(jin)扭住供(gong)(gong)(gong)給側(ce)(ce)(ce)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)革這條主線，注重需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)”。供(gong)(gong)(gong)給和(he)需(xu)求(qiu)是(shi)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)市場的兩(liang)個不可或(huo)缺的方(fang)面。無論(lun)是(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)給側(ce)(ce)(ce)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)革還(huan)是(shi)需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，均強調供(gong)(gong)(gong)給和(he)需(xu)求(qiu)的辯(bian)證統一和(he)協同發(fa)力。沒有(you)(you)高質量的產品和(he)服(fu)務供(gong)(gong)(gong)給，人民(min)對美好生活的需(xu)要就(jiu)得不到滿足(zu)。沒有(you)(you)需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)的消費需(xu)求(qiu)牽引，供(gong)(gong)(gong)給也無法實(shi)(shi)現。進入新發(fa)展階段，實(shi)(shi)現高質量發(fa)展，把需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)給側(ce)(ce)(ce)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)革結(jie)合(he)起來是(shi)大勢所趨(qu)。

供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)結構性(xing)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)完整(zheng)提(ti)法是(shi)“在(zai)適度擴大(da)總需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，著力加強供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)結構性(xing)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)”，需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)是(shi)“要緊(jin)(jin)緊(jin)(jin)扭住供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)結構性(xing)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)這(zhe)條主線，注重(zhong)需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)”。習近平總書記指出：“供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)和需(xu)求(qiu)是(shi)市場(chang)經濟內在(zai)關系的(de)(de)兩個基本方面，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)和需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)是(shi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和調控(kong)宏(hong)(hong)觀經濟的(de)(de)兩個基本手(shou)段。經濟政策是(shi)以供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)為重(zhong)點還(huan)是(shi)以需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)為重(zhong)點，要依據宏(hong)(hong)觀經濟形(xing)勢作(zuo)出抉擇，二(er)者(zhe)不是(shi)非此(ci)即彼、一(yi)(yi)去一(yi)(yi)存(cun)的(de)(de)替代關系，而是(shi)要相(xiang)互配合、協調推進(jin)。推進(jin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)結構性(xing)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，要用好需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)這(zhe)個重(zhong)要工(gong)具，使(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)和需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成、相(xiang)得益彰，為供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)結構性(xing)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)良(liang)好環境(jing)和條件。”由此(ci)可見，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)結構性(xing)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)仍(reng)是(shi)經濟工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)主線。我(wo)們的(de)(de)政策目標(biao)是(shi)通過供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)結構性(xing)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)，使(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)適應變化(hua)了的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)，創造出新(xin)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)通過需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，更好地配合供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)的(de)(de)新(xin)變化(hua)，發揮需(xu)求(qiu)牽引供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，形(xing)成供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)給(gei)(gei)(gei)和需(xu)求(qiu)在(zai)更高水平上的(de)(de)動態平衡。

需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)側(ce)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)不(bu)僅應(ying)注(zhu)重(zhong)總量管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，也應(ying)注(zhu)重(zhong)結(jie)構匹配。需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)側(ce)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)強調使市場在(zai)資(zi)源配置中(zhong)(zhong)起決定性作用(yong)的同時，更好發(fa)揮政府(fu)(fu)作用(yong)。政府(fu)(fu)通過消費引導(dao)、集中(zhong)(zhong)投資(zi)“兩(liang)新(xin)(xin)一重(zhong)”（新(xin)(xin)型基礎設(she)施、新(xin)(xin)型城鎮化(hua)、重(zhong)大工程），發(fa)揮補(bu)短板和導(dao)向作用(yong)，撬動社會投資(zi)，以充分激發(fa)市場潛能，有(you)助(zhu)于(yu)進一步(bu)優化(hua)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)結(jie)構。此(ci)外，需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)側(ce)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)從國民經濟的宏觀視角出發(fa)，強調“打(da)通堵點，補(bu)齊(qi)短板，貫通生產、分配、流通、消費各環節”，更好地暢通國民經濟循環，有(you)助(zhu)于(yu)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)長(chang)期(qi)合理(li)(li)(li)引導(dao)消費需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)和投資(zi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，提高需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)水平(ping)，優化(hua)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)結(jie)構，為(wei)構建新(xin)(xin)發(fa)展格局、實現高質量發(fa)展提供重(zhong)要支撐。（武 志 張(zhang)富(fu)春）

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