文章來源：學習時報(bao) 發(fa)布時間：2021-06-03
黨(dang)的十九屆四中全會(hui)提出，堅持和完(wan)善(shan)社會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，推(tui)動(dong)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)高質量發(fa)展。混合所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，是以公有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)體、多種所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)共(gong)同發(fa)展這一(yi)基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的重(zhong)要實現形式。發(fa)展混合所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，既(ji)是完(wan)善(shan)基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的內(nei)在要求，也(ye)是夯實基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度微觀(guan)基(ji)礎(chu)，使基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度運(yun)行更(geng)加成(cheng)熟(shu)有(you)效的保證(zheng)。
混合所有制經濟是基本經濟制度的重要實現形式
習近平(ping)總書記在黨的(de)(de)十八(ba)屆三中全(quan)會指(zhi)出，“要積(ji)極(ji)發(fa)展混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)經濟(ji)，強(qiang)調國有(you)(you)資本、集體資本、非公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)資本等交叉(cha)持(chi)股、相互(hu)融合的(de)(de)混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)經濟(ji)，是(shi)基本經濟(ji)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)重(zhong)要實現形式，有(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)國有(you)(you)資本放大功能、保值增(zeng)值、提高(gao)競爭力。這是(shi)新(xin)形勢下堅持(chi)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)主體地(di)位(wei)(wei)，增(zeng)強(qiang)國有(you)(you)經濟(ji)活力、控(kong)制(zhi)力、影響力的(de)(de)一個有(you)(you)效(xiao)途徑和(he)必然選(xuan)擇”。這一重(zhong)要論(lun)斷首次將混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)經濟(ji)提升到基本經濟(ji)制(zhi)度重(zhong)要實現形式的(de)(de)高(gao)度，充分(fen)肯定了發(fa)展混(hun)合所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)、意義、地(di)位(wei)(wei)和(he)作用，為完(wan)善我國所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)結(jie)構指(zhi)明了方向。
把(ba)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)確定為基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要實(shi)現(xian)形式，既是(shi)對(dui)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)運行(xing)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總結(jie)，也(ye)體現(xian)了(le)我(wo)(wo)黨(dang)對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結(jie)合(he)(he)方式認識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)高度(du)。十五大(da)(da)報告提出混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概念，并指(zhi)出要全(quan)面(mian)認識(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義(yi)，混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)成(cheng)分(fen)和(he)集體成(cheng)分(fen)也(ye)屬(shu)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。十六(liu)屆三(san)中全(quan)會提出大(da)(da)力發展(zhan)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使股份制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要實(shi)現(xian)形式。十七(qi)大(da)(da)提出以(yi)現(xian)代產權制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)為基(ji)礎，發展(zhan)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。十八屆三(san)中全(quan)會進一步把(ba)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)提高到(dao)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)重(zhong)(zhong)要實(shi)現(xian)形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)高度(du)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探索和(he)創新(xin)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)不(bu)但找到(dao)了(le)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)條(tiao)件(jian)下公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效形式，也(ye)深化(hua)了(le)對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)各自性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)及二者結(jie)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)。混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)離(li)了(le)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)權和(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營權，企(qi)業法人產權相(xiang)對(dui)獨(du)立，不(bu)受資(zi)本(ben)(ben)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)影響(xiang)，在(zai)企(qi)業按(an)照市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)規則運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)保(bao)持各方資(zi)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨(du)立性(xing)，因而(er)在(zai)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業中，公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)與私有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)不(bu)再相(xiang)互對(dui)立，而(er)且相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成(cheng)、取長(chang)補短、相(xiang)互促進、共同(tong)(tong)發展(zhan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)效化(hua)解了(le)對(dui)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)競爭可能損害(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擔憂，從機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上保(bao)證了(le)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)過(guo)程中公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體地位(wei)。從公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)要實(shi)現(xian)形式上升為基(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要實(shi)現(xian)形式，表明混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)但是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)形式，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)也(ye)是(shi)社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)非公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)現(xian)形式，是(shi)一種帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)特色且具有(you)(you)(you)(you)顯著優勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)生產組織(zhi)形式，是(shi)新(xin)時(shi)代社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)方向。
發展混合所有制經濟要糾正錯誤認識
當前(qian)社會上有一些關(guan)于混合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)經濟的錯(cuo)誤言(yan)論(lun)。這些言(yan)論(lun)誤導輿(yu)論(lun)，對混合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)經濟發展造(zao)成(cheng)很(hen)大(da)困擾，必須加以(yi)澄清和糾正。
這(zhe)些錯誤言論的(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)質是(shi)否定(ding)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，把公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)對(dui)立(li)起來，認為只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)私有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)才是(shi)天生一(yi)對(dui)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)無(wu)法(fa)兼容。當前(qian)一(yi)些前(qian)期(qi)通(tong)過高負(fu)債(zhai)擴(kuo)張較快的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)在(zai)流動性(xing)上遇到困(kun)難，國(guo)企(qi)(qi)幫助(zhu)民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)渡(du)過難關，不僅不存在(zai)“誰(shui)進(jin)誰(shui)退(tui)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，相反(fan)，國(guo)企(qi)(qi)和民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種密切合(he)(he)作(zuo)正反(fan)映(ying)出(chu)(chu)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)互(hu)補(bu)優(you)勢。民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)狀況好了，國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以退(tui)出(chu)(chu)。反(fan)過來，如果國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)遇到困(kun)難，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)以通(tong)過民(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參與激發(fa)(fa)活力、提高效(xiao)率。今(jin)天推行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革，既有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)入股(gu)(gu)(gu)國(guo)企(qi)(qi)，也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)入股(gu)(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)和民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)合(he)(he)資設立(li)新(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。無(wu)論哪種形式，均遵循市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)原則(ze)(ze)，各方平等自(zi)愿，股(gu)(gu)(gu)權可(ke)以市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化交易和退(tui)出(chu)(chu)，股(gu)(gu)(gu)東按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)占(zhan)股(gu)(gu)(gu)比(bi)例依(yi)法(fa)管理企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，不存在(zai)誰(shui)領導誰(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)潤也(ye)(ye)按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)股(gu)(gu)(gu)份進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分配(pei)。民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)與國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)合(he)(he)作(zuo)是(shi)為了追求(qiu)(qiu)更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益，實現更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。隨(sui)著混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革的(de)(de)(de)(de)推進(jin)，軍(jun)工(gong)、電信、民(min)(min)航、能(neng)源等國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)壟(long)斷領域加大開放(fang)力度(du)，民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)走(zou)向更加廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)舞臺，國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)隨(sui)之發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)壯大。因此，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)混(hun)合(he)(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不是(shi)“國(guo)進(jin)民(min)(min)退(tui)”，而(er)是(shi)“國(guo)民(min)(min)共(gong)進(jin)”；不是(shi)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)私合(he)(he)營(ying)(ying)(ying)”，誰(shui)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誰(shui)，而(er)是(shi)“合(he)(he)作(zuo)共(gong)贏”。 糾正錯誤認識要(yao)提高政治站位，正確(que)認識社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質。以習近平同(tong)志為核(he)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)高度(du)重視(shi)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，反(fan)復強調(diao)“兩個(ge)毫不動搖(yao)”“三個(ge)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)變”，但同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)(ye)對(dui)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人士(shi)成長(chang)提出(chu)(chu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。習近平總書(shu)記在(zai)高度(du)肯定(ding)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)，指出(chu)(chu)“非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)健康(kang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，前(qian)提是(shi)非(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人士(shi)要(yao)健康(kang)成長(chang)”。我國(guo)走(zou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)道路(lu)，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)法(fa)治經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)必(bi)須(xu)堅(jian)持(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地位，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)最本(ben)(ben)(ben)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領導。民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)必(bi)須(xu)守(shou)法(fa)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)，這(zhe)是(shi)任何(he)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)都必(bi)須(xu)遵守(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)規則(ze)(ze)，也(ye)(ye)是(shi)長(chang)遠發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)之道。民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)家(jia)要(yao)服從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領導，踐行(xing)(xing)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)核(he)心價值觀，遵紀(ji)守(shou)法(fa)。
深化國企改革，推動混合所有制經濟向縱深發展
當前發(fa)展混(hun)(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)的關鍵(jian)是(shi)國企混(hun)(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)改革。混(hun)(hun)(hun)改重點在“改”不在“混(hun)(hun)(hun)”。相比于“混(hun)(hun)(hun)資本”，“改機制(zhi)(zhi)”難度要大得多。習近平總書記指出，“發(fa)展混(hun)(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)，基本政策已明確，關鍵(jian)是(shi)細則(ze)，成敗也在細則(ze)”。要通過制(zhi)(zhi)定、完善和落實好細則(ze)，明確預期，催生(sheng)動力，破解(jie)混(hun)(hun)(hun)改中遇(yu)到的難題。
一(yi)是(shi)要(yao)明確混合所有(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)業(ye)公司(si)治理(li)原則(ze)(ze)，破除非公有(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)業(ye)參與混改的(de)擔憂(you)。堅持以資本為紐(niu)帶、以產權(quan)為基礎的(de)公司(si)治理(li)原則(ze)(ze)。國有(you)(you)股(gu)東(dong)要(yao)按照市場化規則(ze)(ze)，以股(gu)東(dong)角(jiao)色和身份參與企(qi)(qi)業(ye)決(jue)策(ce)和經(jing)營管(guan)理(li)，通過(guo)股(gu)東(dong)（大）會表決(jue)、推薦(jian)董事和監(jian)事等(deng)方式行使股(gu)東(dong)權(quan)利，避免“行政化”“機(ji)關化”管(guan)控。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)黨組織行使權(quan)力也要(yao)遵(zun)循這(zhe)一(yi)原則(ze)(ze)。要(yao)完善(shan)制度細則(ze)(ze)，有(you)(you)效規范大股(gu)東(dong)行為，切實平等(deng)保護混合所有(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)業(ye)各類(lei)出資人的(de)合法產權(quan)權(quan)益(yi)。
二是明(ming)確(que)(que)混(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)監(jian)管模(mo)式。對(dui)于(yu)混(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，要(yao)建(jian)立有(you)(you)(you)別于(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)獨(du)(du)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、全資(zi)(zi)(zi)公(gong)司的(de)(de)治理(li)(li)(li)機制(zhi)和(he)監(jian)管制(zhi)度。要(yao)建(jian)立監(jian)管權(quan)力清(qing)單(dan)和(he)責(ze)任(ren)清(qing)單(dan)，明(ming)確(que)(que)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產出資(zi)(zi)(zi)人監(jian)管事(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)，確(que)(que)保國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)股(gu)(gu)東不(bu)承擔(dan)公(gong)共管理(li)(li)(li)職能。要(yao)明(ming)確(que)(que)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)股(gu)(gu)東監(jian)管邊界，不(bu)得干(gan)預企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)日常經(jing)營(ying)活動(dong)。要(yao)明(ming)確(que)(que)黨(dang)(dang)委（黨(dang)(dang)組）與(yu)董事(shi)會(hui)、經(jing)理(li)(li)(li)層(ceng)(ceng)等其他(ta)公(gong)司治理(li)(li)(li)主體的(de)(de)關系，建(jian)立國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)委（黨(dang)(dang)組）對(dui)重大問題進行(xing)前置研究討論(lun)的(de)(de)事(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)清(qing)單(dan)，確(que)(que)保黨(dang)(dang)委（黨(dang)(dang)組）發揮把方向、管大局(ju)、保落實的(de)(de)領導(dao)作用，不(bu)干(gan)涉企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)具體生(sheng)產經(jing)營(ying)活動(dong)。對(dui)于(yu)混(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)的(de)(de)設(she)置，要(yao)隨國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)比(bi)重變化而(er)調整，根據不(bu)同類型混(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)特(te)點，明(ming)確(que)(que)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)的(de)(de)設(she)置方式、職責(ze)定(ding)位和(he)管理(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)的(de)(de)設(she)置，要(yao)區分國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)獨(du)(du)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、全資(zi)(zi)(zi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)絕(jue)對(dui)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)相(xiang)對(dui)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)不(bu)再(zai)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)混(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)要(yao)比(bi)照(zhao)非公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)設(she)置。黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)作為黨(dang)(dang)在企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)戰斗堡壘，發揮政治核(he)心作用，尊重和(he)支持董事(shi)會(hui)、經(jing)理(li)(li)(li)層(ceng)(ceng)依法(fa)行(xing)使職權(quan)。
三是(shi)明確混(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)制改(gai)革流(liu)程和細則。要(yao)明確混(hun)改(gai)流(liu)程和操作細則，明確操作各方權力和責任，明確國有(you)(you)(you)資產流(liu)失標準，使操作各方能有(you)(you)(you)規可(ke)依(yi)，有(you)(you)(you)章可(ke)循(xun)，有(you)(you)(you)效規避風險。要(yao)堅持(chi)因(yin)地(di)施(shi)策(ce)、因(yin)業施(shi)策(ce)、因(yin)企(qi)施(shi)策(ce)，宜(yi)獨則獨、宜(yi)控則控、宜(yi)參則參的(de)原(yuan)則，不(bu)(bu)搞拉郎配，不(bu)(bu)搞全覆蓋，不(bu)(bu)設時間表，一(yi)企(qi)一(yi)策(ce)，成熟一(yi)個推進一(yi)個。要(yao)建立健全容錯糾錯機制，鼓勵探索、勇于(yu)實踐，寬容在(zai)改(gai)革創新中的(de)失誤。
四是采取有(you)(you)(you)效措施充分(fen)激(ji)發(fa)混合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)活力(li)(li)。要(yao)充分(fen)激(ji)發(fa)經營者(zhe)和員(yuan)工(gong)兩個(ge)層面的(de)(de)積極性(xing)。對(dui)于(yu)主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)處于(yu)充分(fen)競爭行業(ye)(ye)和領域的(de)(de)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)類國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，鼓勵發(fa)展(zhan)非公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)控股(gu)的(de)(de)混合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，探索將(jiang)部分(fen)國有(you)(you)(you)股(gu)權轉化為(wei)優先股(gu)，充分(fen)發(fa)揮民(min)營企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家的(de)(de)作用(yong)，讓民(min)營企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)家能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)“當(dang)得了家、說得上話、做(zuo)得成(cheng)事、盈(ying)得著利”。通(tong)過企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)持股(gu)、跟投，將(jiang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)利益與(yu)員(yuan)工(gong)利益緊密結(jie)合(he)(he)，形成(cheng)利益共(gong)(gong)享、風險共(gong)(gong)擔(dan)、同謀(mou)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)利益共(gong)(gong)同體。對(dui)于(yu)國有(you)(you)(you)控股(gu)混合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，積極推動三項制度改革。建(jian)立(li)市(shi)場化選人用(yong)人機制，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)“能(neng)(neng)者(zhe)上、庸(yong)者(zhe)下(xia)、平者(zhe)讓”。建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)以合(he)(he)同管(guan)理(li)為(wei)核心、以崗位管(guan)理(li)為(wei)基礎的(de)(de)市(shi)場化用(yong)工(gong)制度，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)員(yuan)工(gong)能(neng)(neng)進能(neng)(neng)出。落實(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)央(yang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)資(zi)總額管(guan)理(li)制度改革要(yao)求(qiu)，建(jian)立(li)健全(quan)與(yu)勞動力(li)(li)市(shi)場基本(ben)適應、與(yu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)經濟效益和勞動生產率掛鉤的(de)(de)工(gong)資(zi)決定和正常(chang)增(zeng)長(chang)機制，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)收入能(neng)(neng)增(zeng)能(neng)(neng)減。對(dui)國有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)不再絕(jue)對(dui)控股(gu)的(de)(de)混合(he)(he)所(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，要(yao)采取更加靈活高效的(de)(de)監管(guan)方式。 （鐘 勇）
【責任編輯：語謙】