文章來源：經濟參考(kao)報 發布時間：2020-06-17
打造(zao)時(shi)代國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)，讓國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)“跟上(shang)時(shi)代”“在時(shi)代里”，以此實現(xian)國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)的高質量發展(zhan)，是新(xin)時(shi)代國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)面臨的重大抉擇(ze)。
打(da)造(zao)時(shi)代國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，一是從(cong)生(sheng)產(chan)關(guan)系(xi)視角推(tui)進(jin)(jin)，二(er)是從(cong)生(sheng)產(chan)力的視角推(tui)進(jin)(jin)。兩(liang)者融合推(tui)進(jin)(jin)，這是推(tui)進(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)改革“系(xi)統性、整(zheng)體性和協同性”的根本要求。基于“競爭(zheng)中性”“所有(you)(you)制(zhi)中立”理念(nian)，基于“生(sheng)產(chan)力優先標準”，基于國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)“轉型(xing)升級”要求，基于國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)“做強做優做大(da)”思路。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)首先是企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)必須按照市場經(jing)濟規律導向(xiang)運行。因此，從(cong)生(sheng)產(chan)力的視角，按照時(shi)代特征要求重構現代國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)成(cheng)為客觀(guan)必然(ran)。
按照融合發展思想
推進國有企業高質量發展
當今社(she)會(hui)，融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)發展(zhan)成為時代特征。例如(ru)，制造業(ye)和(he)(he)服務業(ye)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)，工(gong)業(ye)化和(he)(he)信息化的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)，實體經濟和(he)(he)金融(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)，線(xian)上和(he)(he)線(xian)下(xia)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)，一二三次產業(ye)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)，軍民融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)發展(zhan)，等等。目前(qian)正(zheng)在(zai)推進的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)所有制改革，即“混(hun)改”，其實質是國有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)民營企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)在(zai)產權方面(mian)的(de)(de)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)。今后，根據大(da)融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)、廣義融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)思想(xiang)，國有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)民營企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)可(ke)在(zai)更(geng)大(da)范圍、更(geng)多(duo)方面(mian)實行(xing)深度融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)。通過深度融(rong)(rong)合(he)(he)，國有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)民營企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)可(ke)以“取長補短(duan)、相互促進、共同發展(zhan)”。
按此理念，除產(chan)權融合(he)外(wai)，首當其沖的(de)(de)(de)(de)是國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)和民營企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)融合(he)。經(jing)過40多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)開放，在宏觀(guan)布(bu)局(ju)上，我們著(zhu)重解決了國(guo)有(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)整體(ti)“有(you)(you)進有(you)(you)退”問(wen)題(ti)，即(ji)國(guo)有(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略性布(bu)局(ju)；今(jin)后(hou)，在微(wei)觀(guan)業(ye)務(wu)上，我們應該著(zhu)重解決國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)內部(bu)“有(you)(you)進有(you)(you)出”問(wen)題(ti)，即(ji)國(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)結構優化配置問(wen)題(ti)。
過去，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)就是(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)（指一(yi)(yi)(yi)二三次產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)）。隨著(zhu)分工深化(hua)(hua)細(xi)化(hua)(hua)，部門成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，部件成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，區段成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，環節成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。例如(ru)，組裝、包裝、配送、維修這(zhe)些區段、環節成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，即小(xiao)(xiao)區段大(da)(da)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、小(xiao)(xiao)環節大(da)(da)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。作為(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，其深化(hua)(hua)細(xi)化(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)大(da)(da)板(ban)(ban)塊(kuai)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)優(you)(you)勢產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)塊(kuai)，二是(shi)非優(you)(you)勢產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)塊(kuai)。對于優(you)(you)勢產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)塊(kuai)，通(tong)過打造網(wang)(wang)絡、平臺，把(ba)全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)領域的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)塊(kuai)集中過來，即將國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)優(you)(you)勢產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)塊(kuai)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)所(suo)“共享(xiang)”；對于非優(you)(you)勢產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)板(ban)(ban)塊(kuai)，通(tong)過打造網(wang)(wang)絡、平臺，向全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)領域的(de)(de)最佳(jia)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)包括民(min)營企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)現“眾包”，國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)以(yi)此(ci)利用全(quan)(quan)社會(hui)范圍的(de)(de)最優(you)(you)資源(yuan)尋求發展(zhan)。這(zhe)里，如(ru)果國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)內部產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進、出和民(min)營企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)內部產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)出、進深度配置成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功，可(ke)將兩(liang)者產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體，由此(ci)可(ke)以(yi)最大(da)(da)限度提高資源(yuan)配置效率(lv)。這(zhe)樣，國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和民(min)營企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)融(rong)合(he)發展(zhan)，即從產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權融(rong)合(he)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步拓展(zhan)到了(le)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)合(he)。
按照共享經濟思想
推進國有企業高質量發展
當今時代，共(gong)享(xiang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)成為(wei)(wei)時代特征。即：從過(guo)去以(yi)追求(qiu)所有(you)權為(wei)(wei)核心的經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體系，轉向現在以(yi)追求(qiu)使(shi)用(yong)權為(wei)(wei)核心的經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體系。以(yi)汽車為(wei)(wei)例，追求(qiu)所有(you)權的成本可(ke)概(gai)括為(wei)(wei)“四高(gao)(gao)”：購(gou)(gou)置(zhi)成本很高(gao)(gao)、使(shi)用(yong)成本很高(gao)(gao)、閑置(zhi)成本很高(gao)(gao)、機(ji)會成本很高(gao)(gao)；而(er)追求(qiu)使(shi)用(yong)權的成本可(ke)概(gai)括為(wei)(wei)“三零(ling)一低(di)”：購(gou)(gou)置(zhi)成本為(wei)(wei)零(ling)、使(shi)用(yong)成本很低(di)（碎(sui)片化支付）、閑置(zhi)成本為(wei)(wei)零(ling)、機(ji)會成本為(wei)(wei)零(ling)。總之，共(gong)享(xiang)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)可(ke)在更大范圍、更高(gao)(gao)層次(ci)、更深程度上推動各類要素資(zi)源開放、協同，旨在最大限度優(you)化資(zi)源配置(zhi)方式、提(ti)高(gao)(gao)資(zi)源配置(zhi)效率。
共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)經濟(ji)，從(cong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)產到共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)消(xiao)費，從(cong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)有(you)形產品(pin)到共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)無形產品(pin)。包括：共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)物(wu)品(pin)、共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)出(chu)行、共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)服務、共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)空間、共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)醫(yi)療、共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)教(jiao)育、共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)時(shi)間、共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)組織。總之(zhi)，可謂(wei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)享(xiang)(xiang)一切。
這(zhe)里，特別提出“共享組織”問(wen)題。當前，組織資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)成為(wei)國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)最(zui)大(da)閑置資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)。尤其是(shi)職能(neng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)，諸如戰略規劃部(bu)(bu)(bu)、投(tou)資(zi)(zi)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、財(cai)務(wu)會計(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、教育(yu)培訓部(bu)(bu)(bu)、審計(ji)監(jian)察部(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)，作為(wei)國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)最(zui)大(da)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)集中之地，不僅大(da)量閑置浪費，甚至產生(sheng)內(nei)耗。以人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)例，搞(gao)得好(hao)了，某(mou)一(yi)國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)可為(wei)全(quan)社(she)會提供(gong)服(fu)務(wu)；搞(gao)得不好(hao)，全(quan)社(she)會都(dou)是(shi)某(mou)一(yi)國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)。即(ji)國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)人(ren)力(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)無論全(quan)社(she)會“共享”或是(shi)全(quan)社(she)會“眾包”，都(dou)能(neng)降低成本(ben)、提高收益。其他職能(neng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)也(ye)是(shi)如此(ci)。這(zhe)樣一(yi)來，同(tong)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)獲取(qu)收益一(yi)樣，職能(neng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)通過公司化(hua)、市場化(hua)、平臺化(hua)、網絡化(hua)同(tong)樣可以獲取(qu)收益。比較而言，國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)職能(neng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)比業(ye)(ye)務(wu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)在(zai)某(mou)種程度上更具競爭優(you)勢。由此(ci)可見，在(zai)新時(shi)代突出國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)職能(neng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門(men)“社(she)會共享”是(shi)其關鍵(jian)所在(zai)。
按照價值共創思想
推進國有企業高質量發展
當今社會，價(jia)值(zhi)共(gong)創成為時代特征。過(guo)去，倡導(dao)顧客概(gai)念(nian)，顧客是(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)購買者(zhe)、消費者(zhe)，處(chu)于(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)外(wai)部(bu)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)顧客間是(shi)一(yi)次性的(de)(de)交易關系；現(xian)在，倡導(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)概(gai)念(nian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)是(shi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)合作(zuo)者(zhe)、生產者(zhe)，進入企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)內部(bu)，企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)與(yu)(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)間是(shi)連續性的(de)(de)交互關系。國內領航企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，已將企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)一(yi)體化，內部(bu)外(wai)部(bu)一(yi)體化，包括：創新來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)、資金來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)、制作(zuo)來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)、銷售來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)、定(ding)價(jia)來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)、管理來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)、薪酬來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)、思想來(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)。目前看來(lai)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)作(zuo)為一(yi)種戰略(lve)性資源(yuan)融入企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，其融入程(cheng)度可有(you)三(san)種：用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)參與(yu)(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)引導(dao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)主導(dao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，最終形成企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)價(jia)值(zhi)共(gong)創。
企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)、用戶價值共(gong)創(chuang)，實(shi)為(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)價值創(chuang)造活(huo)動的“部分社(she)(she)會化(hua)”。在(zai)實(shi)踐中，還產生了企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)、社(she)(she)會價值共(gong)創(chuang)，即把(ba)(ba)大量社(she)(she)會創(chuang)客(ke)變為(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)線員(yuan)工，由(you)此實(shi)現企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)價值創(chuang)造活(huo)動的“完全社(she)(she)會化(hua)”。例(li)如(ru)海爾，一方(fang)面把(ba)(ba)在(zai)職(zhi)員(yuan)工變為(wei)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)創(chuang)客(ke)，人人成為(wei)創(chuang)客(ke)；另(ling)一方(fang)面把(ba)(ba)社(she)(she)會創(chuang)客(ke)變為(wei)在(zai)線員(yuan)工，或稱U盤(pan)式員(yuan)工，即需即插，即插即用。
目前看來，國有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)大(da)多還處在“單價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)造”階(jie)段，即(ji)單純依賴企(qi)(qi)業(ye)員工創(chuang)造企(qi)(qi)業(ye)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)。今(jin)后，一是轉向“雙價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)造”階(jie)段，即(ji)不僅依賴員工而且依賴用戶(hu)(hu)，實(shi)現企(qi)(qi)業(ye)、用戶(hu)(hu)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)共創(chuang)；二是轉向“多價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)造”階(jie)段，即(ji)把“社會創(chuang)客”同(tong)樣納(na)入國有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)造活動(dong)之(zhi)中，由此(ci)實(shi)現國有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)創(chuang)造的“完(wan)全(quan)社會化(hua)”，最(zui)終(zhong)將國有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)造成(cheng)為“思想(xiang)眾(zhong)智(zhi)、資金眾(zhong)籌、業(ye)務眾(zhong)包、企(qi)(qi)業(ye)眾(zhong)創(chuang)”，以此(ci)跟上時代發展、引領時代發展。
按照生態系統思想
推進國有企業高質量發展
當今社會，把(ba)企業(ye)打造成商業(ye)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統成為時(shi)代(dai)要求。無論融(rong)合發展、共享(xiang)經濟，還是價值(zhi)共創，其最終都致力于打造商業(ye)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統。因此(ci)，向商業(ye)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統演進，是國有企業(ye)“組織架(jia)構、運營模式、經營機制(zhi)”演化的不(bu)二(er)選擇(ze)。
過去，產業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)和(he)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)離(li)；現(xian)在(zai)，隨(sui)著部(bu)門、產品(pin)、部(bu)件、區段、環節成為(wei)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)，產業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)和(he)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)融合，盡管(guan)國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)“做強做優做大(da)(da)(da)(da)”目標不變，但是路徑不一(yi)樣了。過去，就(jiu)國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)做國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，把(ba)外(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)內(nei)部(bu)化(hua)，重(zhong)心(xin)在(zai)內(nei)部(bu)；現(xian)在(zai)，跳(tiao)出國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)做國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，把(ba)內(nei)部(bu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)化(hua)，重(zhong)心(xin)在(zai)外(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)。也就(jiu)是說(shuo)，國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)構(gou)發生了從母子公司體(ti)(ti)制向商業(ye)(ye)(ye)生態系(xi)統(tong)的(de)轉型。作為(wei)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)生態系(xi)統(tong)的(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)構(gou)，其(qi)典(dian)型特征是：內(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)部(bu)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)，“四小(xiao)四大(da)(da)(da)(da)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)”：小(xiao)實體(ti)(ti)大(da)(da)(da)(da)虛擬、小(xiao)規模(mo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)網絡、小(xiao)核心(xin)大(da)(da)(da)(da)外(wai)(wai)(wai)圍、小(xiao)腦(nao)袋大(da)(da)(da)(da)身子，可從舊(jiu)的(de)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)統(tong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)”之大(da)(da)(da)(da)變為(wei)新(xin)的(de)“模(mo)塊化(hua)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)”之大(da)(da)(da)(da)，即在(zai)“更強更優”基礎上變得“更大(da)(da)(da)(da)”。
國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為商業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統，基(ji)于外部(bu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)、共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、共(gong)(gong)(gong)享、共(gong)(gong)(gong)榮(rong)，與(yu)外部(bu)進行(xing)能量(liang)交換，包括能量(liang)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)、能量(liang)輸(shu)入。國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)之(zhi)所以要(yao)和外部(bu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)、共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、共(gong)(gong)(gong)享、共(gong)(gong)(gong)榮(rong)組(zu)建(jian)商業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統，這是因(yin)為，以互聯網、物聯網、大(da)(da)數據、云(yun)計算、區塊(kuai)鏈、人工智能為代表的新一(yi)代技術群的出(chu)(chu)(chu)現，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)外部(bu)交易成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本（包括搜索成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本、信(xin)任成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本、簽約(yue)(yue)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本、履約(yue)(yue)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本等(deng)）大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低，特(te)別是虛擬空間(jian)的出(chu)(chu)(chu)現，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)了“零(ling)時間(jian)、零(ling)距(ju)離、零(ling)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本、無(wu)邊(bian)界”的連接，這樣一(yi)來，以外部(bu)為重(zhong)心重(zhong)構國有(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為一(yi)種必然選擇。
作為(wei)商業生態系統(tong)的國有企業可有如下若干特征：做大(da)做小(xiao)融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)，有界無(wu)界融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)；社會企業融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)，內部(bu)外部(bu)融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)；市場(chang)企業融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)，契約(yue)產權融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)；分工整合融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)，獨(du)立聯合融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)；線上線下融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)，虛擬實(shi)體(ti)(ti)融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)；自轉他轉融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)，靜態動態融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)。
綜上(shang)所述(shu)，只有(you)按照以上(shang)四(si)大“時(shi)代(dai)(dai)特征”重構國(guo)有(you)企業(ye)，國(guo)有(you)企業(ye)才能“跟上(shang)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)”“在(zai)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)里”。這里，推進國(guo)有(you)企業(ye)與(yu)新時(shi)代(dai)(dai)相匹(pi)配的高質量(liang)發展大局。這是(shi)因(yin)為，高質量(liang)發展是(shi)解決一切問題的根本(ben)。（李海艦）
【責任編輯：語謙】