文章來源：經濟日報 發(fa)布時間(jian)：2009-04-01
“早先，哪(na)敢出屋去晨練，電廠(chang)排的(de)氣體，聞起來(lai)就咳嗽，灰也(ye)多(duo)(duo)。現在(zai)好多(duo)(duo)了(le)，藍天也(ye)多(duo)(duo)了(le)。”家住河南省安陽(yang)市(shi)的(de)王玉英，談起近一年多(duo)(duo)來(lai)該(gai)市(shi)的(de)環境變化時(shi)這樣說。
安陽市地處黃河以北(bei)，人(ren)口525萬，是世界文化遺產殷墟所在(zai)地。承擔(dan)全(quan)(quan)市主(zhu)要供電(dian)保障任務的安陽電(dian)廠建于1958年，歷經多次改(gai)擴建，到1998年全(quan)(quan)廠裝機容量達到95.7萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。其(qi)中，兩(liang)臺為30萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機組(zu)，其(qi)余均為10萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)、5萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)和5萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以下的小機組(zu)。自1999年開始(shi)關停小機組(zu)以來，到2006年仍(reng)留有兩(liang)臺每(mei)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時供電(dian)煤(mei)耗480克的10萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)小機組(zu)。
近年來(lai)隨著電力建設步伐加快，河南省內(nei)建成的低能耗、少排(pai)放大機(ji)(ji)(ji)組逐年增(zeng)多(duo)，原有小機(ji)(ji)(ji)組能耗高(gao)、排(pai)污多(duo)，污染(ran)環(huan)境問題也(ye)日益突出。小機(ji)(ji)(ji)組在擠占(zhan)有限發(fa)電空間的同時(shi)，也(ye)使大機(ji)(ji)(ji)組的節(jie)能高(gao)效作用無法充分發(fa)揮。推(tui)動小火(huo)電廠關停勢在必行！
但關停小火電如何做(zuo)到兼顧(gu)各(ge)方利益，確保員工隊伍穩定(ding)？
為此，國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)河(he)南省電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司根(gen)據(ju)國家(jia)和地方政(zheng)府的出(chu)臺加快(kuai)關(guan)(guan)停小火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)政(zheng)策法(fa)規，制定相關(guan)(guan)措施(shi)，在安(an)陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的小火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組關(guan)(guan)停上，與河(he)南省有關(guan)(guan)部門(men)共(gong)同配合，走(zou)出(chu)了一條通過搭(da)建電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交易(yi)平臺，進行(xing)“上大壓小”發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)權市場化(hua)交易(yi)，實現節能減排、多方共(gong)贏(ying)的新路。
2007年1月22日和28日，安陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)兩臺10萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦機(ji)組(zu)被爆破(po)拆除。按照爆破(po)前(qian)安陽(yang)(yang)發電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)與安陽(yang)(yang)市政府、國家電(dian)(dian)網河南省公(gong)司三方簽(qian)訂的協議，安陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)獲(huo)準(zhun)建設(she)一臺30萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦熱電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)產機(ji)組(zu)（每千(qian)(qian)瓦時供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)煤耗僅280克），可(ke)取代目前(qian)全市在(zai)運的134臺燃煤小(xiao)鍋爐進(jin)行供(gong)(gong)熱。此外，按每年補償11.3億千(qian)(qian)瓦時發電(dian)(dian)量的指(zhi)標，被關停兩臺10萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦機(ji)組(zu)的發電(dian)(dian)量，也(ye)將(jiang)按月轉移給安陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)兩臺在(zai)運的30萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦機(ji)組(zu)。
安陽電廠在2007年(nian)3月(yue)份得到了(le)補(bu)償電量(liang)7000萬千瓦(wa)時(shi)。抓住3月(yue)份豫北(bei)地區初春(chun)乍暖還寒的(de)有利天(tian)氣，安陽電廠努力(li)(li)與(yu)省調(diao)通(tong)中心溝通(tong)，全力(li)(li)以(yi)赴，當月(yue)實際完成發電量(liang)3.2億(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi)，算(suan)上補(bu)償電量(liang)，比沒有補(bu)償電量(liang)的(de)原計劃實際超發電量(liang)1.0458億(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi)。
河南省副省長張大衛在(zai)總結安陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)“上大壓(ya)小(xiao)(xiao)”做法時，把(ba)它概括為三句(ju)話(hua)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)通過建大電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，把(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)壓(ya)掉，在(zai)容量(liang)上實現一(yi)定(ding)的替換(huan)；二(er)是(shi)(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行(xing)優化調度(du)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中誰節能，優先安排誰的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)劃(hua)；三是(shi)(shi)實行(xing)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)計(ji)劃(hua)交易，小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)把(ba)自己(ji)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)計(ji)劃(hua)指標向(xiang)大火電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉讓(rang)，大火電(dian)(dian)(dian)給(gei)小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)補償，補償的資金用(yong)于小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組的職工安置，促進(jin)小(xiao)(xiao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)早日關停(ting)。
“十一五”期間(jian)，河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)南部電(dian)(dian)網將有324.995萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)小火(huo)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組實施關停(ting)，占全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)關停(ting)計(ji)劃的75.8％。為(wei)及時(shi)頂上關停(ting)小火(huo)電(dian)(dian)的發電(dian)(dian)任務，確保電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應，華(hua)能上安(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)廠作為(wei)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)南部電(dian)(dian)網主力發電(dian)(dian)廠，在(zai)確保130萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)組安(an)(an)全(quan)運(yun)行的同(tong)時(shi)，目(mu)前(qian)正在(zai)加(jia)緊建(jian)設2臺每千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)煤(mei)耗僅300克的62萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)超臨界機(ji)組。按現有工(gong)程進度，預計(ji)到今年下(xia)半年就可相繼投產。屆(jie)時(shi)，上安(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)廠裝機(ji)容(rong)量將達到254萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，成為(wei)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)南部電(dian)(dian)網裝機(ji)容(rong)量最大的電(dian)(dian)廠。
為確保(bao)“上(shang)大壓小”節(jie)能減排任務的如期(qi)完成，河北省(sheng)電(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司按(an)照國家電(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司的要(yao)求，以電(dian)網(wang)為平臺，在積極進行“上(shang)大壓小”發電(dian)權市場化交易的同時，也制定了《河北省(sheng)南部電(dian)網(wang)關停(ting)小火(huo)電(dian)機組配套電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)(jian)設實施方案》，并投資18.6億元實施了“上(shang)大壓小”配套電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)(jian)設工程(cheng)。計劃(hua)擴建(jian)(jian)500千伏變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)3座(zuo)(zuo)，新（擴）建(jian)(jian)220千伏變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)8座(zuo)(zuo)，線路(lu)(lu)227公(gong)(gong)里；新建(jian)(jian)110千伏變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)7座(zuo)(zuo)，線路(lu)(lu)306公(gong)(gong)里。
據國(guo)家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(si)有關人士介紹，2007年(nian)全公司(si)結合(he)“上大壓(ya)小”繼續加快電(dian)網(wang)(wang)建設，電(dian)網(wang)(wang)開(kai)工和投產規模再創歷史新(xin)高。全年(nian)新(xin)開(kai)工110千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路59935公里(li)，同(tong)比增(zeng)長30.1％。其中(zhong)，330千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路17784公里(li)，220千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路20120公里(li)，110千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路22031公里(li)。全年(nian)新(xin)投產110千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路54474公里(li)，同(tong)比增(zeng)長24.6％。其中(zhong)，330千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路13479公里(li)，220千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路19437公里(li)，110千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路21558公里(li)。
統計顯示(shi)，2007年(nian)全國共(gong)關(guan)(guan)停小(xiao)火電(dian)機組(zu)(zu)553臺，裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)1438萬(wan)(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)，超額完成了(le)(le)全年(nian)關(guan)(guan)停1000萬(wan)(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)目標。隨著(zhu)投產大型(xing)高(gao)效機組(zu)(zu)作用的(de)發揮和小(xiao)火電(dian)機組(zu)(zu)的(de)關(guan)(guan)停，2007年(nian)電(dian)力(li)工業每千瓦(wa)(wa)時供(gong)電(dian)煤耗下降(jiang)了(le)(le)10克(ke)，與上年(nian)相比節約原煤4000萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)，若折合成發電(dian)量(liang)達870億千瓦(wa)(wa)時，相當于三(san)峽水電(dian)站全部(bu)機組(zu)(zu)投產后全年(nian)的(de)發電(dian)量(liang)。減少二氧(yang)化碳排放(fang)近8000萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)、減少二氧(yang)化硫(liu)排放(fang)60多萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun)。
鑒于2007年電(dian)力(li)工業在滿足全社會旺盛電(dian)力(li)需求(qiu)同(tong)時，在“上大壓小(xiao)”、節能減排(pai)中(zhong)邁(mai)出的扎實步伐，國家發改(gai)委宣布，2008年全國計劃關停小(xiao)火電(dian)機(ji)組目標為1300萬千瓦(wa)。