文章來源：國(guo)家電網公司 發布時間(jian)：2018-04-19
3月，北(bei)京(jing)(jing)最后一座燃煤電(dian)廠停機備(bei)用，這標(biao)志著(zhu)北(bei)京(jing)(jing)成為全國首個全部依(yi)靠清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)和外受電(dian)的(de)城市。大(da)力使用清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源是推(tui)動城市能(neng)(neng)源轉型、實現(xian)清潔(jie)低(di)碳(tan)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)關鍵。近年來(lai)，國家電(dian)網公司(si)認真落實《大(da)氣污染(ran)防治(zhi)行(xing)動計劃》，支持和服務可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源發展(zhan)(zhan)，通過加(jia)快(kuai)跨區電(dian)網建設、組織(zhi)新能(neng)(neng)源大(da)范圍交易、強化全網統一調度，推(tui)動“三北(bei)”地區大(da)量可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源外送至東(dong)(dong)中(zhong)部消納(na)，為東(dong)(dong)中(zhong)部城市全面推(tui)進電(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代和治(zhi)理霧霾，走(zou)清潔(jie)發展(zhan)(zhan)道路做(zuo)出積極貢獻。
使用遠方可(ke)再(zai)生能源電力 實現(xian)東中部城市清潔發展轉型
電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)二次清(qing)潔(jie)能源(yuan)(yuan)，東中部城(cheng)市(shi)實(shi)現清(qing)潔(jie)發展轉(zhuan)型，需要(yao)全面實(shi)施電(dian)(dian)(dian)能替代(dai)，通(tong)過以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)煤(mei)、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)油，切實(shi)提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)能在城(cheng)市(shi)能源(yuan)(yuan)消費的(de)比重(zhong)。在當前煤(mei)炭產業(ye)去(qu)產能、嚴格控制東中部煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發展的(de)背景(jing)下(xia)，東中部城(cheng)市(shi)替代(dai)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能還必須是(shi)來(lai)自(zi)清(qing)潔(jie)能源(yuan)(yuan)。但目前北京(jing)、天津等東中部一(yi)線(xian)城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)清(qing)潔(jie)能源(yuan)(yuan)比重(zhong)低，能源(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)型壓力大。截至2016年底(di)，北京(jing)、天津發電(dian)(dian)(dian)總裝機(ji)分別達(da)到1103萬(wan)、1467萬(wan)千瓦，水電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能發電(dian)(dian)(dian)等可再生能源(yuan)(yuan)裝機(ji)占比均(jun)不到15%，未(wei)來(lai)必須提高可再生能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量消費比重(zhong)。
從東(dong)中部一(yi)線城市可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦看，目前北京、天(tian)津水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)匱乏，清潔發(fa)展需要依靠風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。根據(ju)中國氣象局最新資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)普查(cha)數據(ju)和(he)相關研究結(jie)論，北京、天(tian)津80米高風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)潛力(li)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)39萬、46萬千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，分(fen)(fen)布式光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)上限分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)460萬、360萬千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。按全部開(kai)(kai)發(fa)本(ben)地可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)測算，未來(lai)北京、天(tian)津本(ben)地可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機占比分(fen)(fen)別(bie)達到(dao)約30%和(he)20%，可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)占本(ben)地用電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)比例(li)僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)5%和(he)6%，對優化電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構、推(tui)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型的(de)(de)作用非常(chang)有(you)限，客觀上決定了一(yi)線城市仍(reng)然需要大量(liang)接受外來(lai)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)。
積(ji)極推動可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源跨區外送 可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源外送電量規(gui)模創(chuang)新高
加快可(ke)再生能源配(pei)套跨區(qu)電(dian)網建設，為“三(san)北”地區(qu)可(ke)再生能源能源大規模外送創造條件。目前納入大氣污染(ran)防(fang)治行動計劃(hua)“四(si)(si)交(jiao)四(si)(si)直”特高(gao)壓輸電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)全部開工(gong)(gong)(gong)建設，已(yi)建成投(tou)運寧東(dong)～浙(zhe)江±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特高(gao)壓直流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、錫(xi)盟(meng)～山東(dong)1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特高(gao)壓交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、蒙西～天津(jin)南(nan)1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特高(gao)壓交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、哈(ha)密～鄭州±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特高(gao)壓直流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，線路(lu)(lu)長(chang)度合(he)計達到(dao)5168公(gong)里(li)，輸送能力3300萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，對西北和蒙西地區(qu)可(ke)再生能源外送東(dong)中部地區(qu)消納發(fa)揮了(le)重要作用。加快推進酒(jiu)泉(quan)～湖南(nan)±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特高(gao)壓直流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、扎魯(lu)特～山東(dong)±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特高(gao)壓直流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)、準東(dong)～皖南(nan)±1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特高(gao)壓直流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，線路(lu)(lu)長(chang)度合(he)計達到(dao)6941公(gong)里(li)，輸送能力3000萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。
積(ji)極(ji)組織可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，擴(kuo)大(da)(da)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)納市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。2016年，北京(jing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)中心掛牌成(cheng)(cheng)立，發揮大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)、大(da)(da)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、大(da)(da)平臺優化(hua)(hua)(hua)配置(zhi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的優勢，全年開(kai)(kai)展各類交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)1200余次，完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)包括(kuo)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)內的市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)7907億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增長59%。組織可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)3332億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增長10.3%。其(qi)中，完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)國家(jia)計劃、政府間(jian)協議2760億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增長11.7%；多措并舉組織市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)572億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增長3.9%。創新可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)方式，開(kai)(kai)展電(dian)(dian)力(li)援疆(jiang)、新疆(jiang)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外送(song)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增加3.69億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時；開(kai)(kai)展可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)直接交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，通過寧東～浙江特(te)高壓輸電(dian)(dian)線路完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直接交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)18億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時；開(kai)(kai)展跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)風火(huo)發電(dian)(dian)權交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，寧夏新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替代上海(hai)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組0.74億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時。組織啟動跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)跨(kua)省(sheng)現貨(huo)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，2017年1月份，組織現貨(huo)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)共計105筆1.8億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時。
充分發揮大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)優(you)勢，加(jia)強全(quan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)調峰資源(yuan)(yuan)和通道富余送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力的(de)(de)集(ji)中監控，盡最大(da)可能(neng)利(li)用(yong)現有跨區線(xian)路輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力輸(shu)送(song)可再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。低谷時(shi)段將跨省(sheng)跨區送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率提高(gao)，最大(da)限度輸(shu)送(song)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。東(dong)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)通過提高(gao)高(gao)嶺背靠(kao)背直流低谷時(shi)段送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率，增加(jia)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)送(song)華北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。2015、2016年(nian)東(dong)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)送(song)華北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分別為53億(yi)、61億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，占東(dong)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)比例為13%、14%。華北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)利(li)用(yong)蒙西外(wai)送(song)通道低谷富余容量(liang)(liang)，增加(jia)蒙西風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)外(wai)送(song)。2015、2016年(nian)蒙西送(song)華北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分別達到85億(yi)、84億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)，占蒙西風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)比例分別為33%、29%。
通過多方面(mian)的努力，近年(nian)來“三北”地(di)區可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送至東中部電(dian)量(liang)不斷提高。風電(dian)和太陽能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)等可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送電(dian)量(liang)從2010年(nian)1.5億千瓦時提高到2016年(nian)的363億千瓦時，年(nian)均增長(chang)150%。
著力打破省(sheng)間壁壘 提高(gao)“三(san)北”可(ke)再生能(neng)源外送(song)電(dian)量(liang)比例(li)
雖然(ran)目(mu)前“三(san)北”地(di)區可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源外(wai)(wai)送東(dong)中(zhong)部的電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)不斷提高(gao)，但支撐東(dong)中(zhong)部一(yi)線(xian)城市實現清潔發展轉型還不夠(gou)。按(an)照2020年北京(jing)、天津可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源消費(fei)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占本地(di)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)比例均達到20%測算，需要接受外(wai)(wai)來可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分別約為194億(yi)(yi)、162億(yi)(yi)千瓦時，而2016年全年接納(na)的可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)僅為45億(yi)(yi)、36億(yi)(yi)千瓦時。
未來(lai)需要大(da)力提高東中(zhong)部一(yi)線(xian)城(cheng)市接(jie)納(na)外來(lai)可(ke)再生能源電(dian)量比例。但當前(qian)突(tu)出(chu)問題是，可(ke)再生能源跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)(qu)外送面臨(lin)嚴重(zhong)的省間壁壘。國內經(jing)濟(ji)形勢尚(shang)未回暖(nuan)，電(dian)力供大(da)于求，可(ke)再生能源由于沒有配套的國家計(ji)劃，加(jia)之具(ju)有隨機性，帶來(lai)輔助服(fu)務問題，跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)(qu)消納(na)的壁壘更加(jia)突(tu)出(chu)。目前(qian)，各地政(zheng)(zheng)府普遍對(dui)省間交易進行行政(zheng)(zheng)干預，干預力度不斷加(jia)大(da)。部分省份(fen)經(jing)濟(ji)主管部門要求電(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)在本省發(fa)電(dian)機組(zu)達到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)利(li)用小時數前(qian)，不得購買低價外來(lai)電(dian)，嚴重(zhong)制約可(ke)再生能源跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)(qu)外送。
當務之急是(shi)加(jia)快構建(jian)全國統一(yi)電力市(shi)場，建(jian)立有(you)利于打破省間(jian)壁壘、促進(jin)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)消納(na)的(de)電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)和配(pei)額制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。完善中長期和現貨市(shi)場交易體(ti)系，搭建(jian)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參與(yu)的(de)跨(kua)區(qu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)優(you)化(hua)(hua)配(pei)置平臺，通過市(shi)場機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)推(tui)動打破省間(jian)壁壘，促進(jin)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在更大范圍消納(na)。推(tui)動落實可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，支持建(jian)立配(pei)額制(zhi)(zhi)和綠色證書交易相結(jie)合的(de)市(shi)場化(hua)(hua)補貼政策，積極制(zhi)(zhi)定“十三五”分(fen)年度(du)(du)東(dong)中部地區(qu)各(ge)省可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電量(liang)占(zhan)比指標，明確(que)消納(na)責(ze)任，建(jian)立考核(he)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。