文(wen)章來源：國家電網公司 發(fa)布時間：2018-04-19
3月，北(bei)京(jing)最后一座燃(ran)煤(mei)電廠停機備用，這標志著(zhu)北(bei)京(jing)成為(wei)全國(guo)首(shou)個全部(bu)依靠(kao)清(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電和外受電的(de)城(cheng)市。大(da)力使用清(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)是推動(dong)城(cheng)市能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型、實現清(qing)潔(jie)低碳發展的(de)關鍵。近年來，國(guo)家電網公司(si)認真落實《大(da)氣污(wu)染防治(zhi)行(xing)動(dong)計劃》，支持(chi)和服務可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發展，通過(guo)加(jia)快跨區(qu)(qu)電網建設(she)、組織新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)大(da)范圍交易、強(qiang)化全網統一調度，推動(dong)“三(san)北(bei)”地區(qu)(qu)大(da)量(liang)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送至東中部(bu)消(xiao)納，為(wei)東中部(bu)城(cheng)市全面推進電能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代和治(zhi)理霧(wu)霾，走清(qing)潔(jie)發展道路做出(chu)積極貢獻。
使用(yong)遠方可再(zai)生能源電力 實現東中部城(cheng)市清潔發(fa)展轉型
電(dian)(dian)(dian)是二次(ci)清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，東(dong)中部城(cheng)市實現(xian)清潔(jie)發(fa)展轉型(xing)，需要全(quan)面(mian)實施電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代，通過以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代煤、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)代油，切實提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)在城(cheng)市能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費的比重(zhong)。在當前煤炭產(chan)業去產(chan)能(neng)(neng)、嚴格控制東(dong)中部煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展的背景下，東(dong)中部城(cheng)市替代的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)還(huan)必須是來自清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。但目(mu)前北(bei)京、天津等東(dong)中部一線城(cheng)市的清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)比重(zhong)低，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型(xing)壓力大(da)。截(jie)至2016年底，北(bei)京、天津發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總裝機(ji)分(fen)別達(da)到1103萬(wan)、1467萬(wan)千瓦，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)裝機(ji)占(zhan)比均不到15%，未(wei)來必須提高可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量消費比重(zhong)。
從東中部(bu)一線城市可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦看，目前北(bei)京、天津(jin)水(shui)能(neng)(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)匱乏，清潔(jie)發(fa)展需(xu)要(yao)依靠風能(neng)(neng)和太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)。根據中國(guo)氣象局最新資源(yuan)(yuan)普查數據和相關研究結論，北(bei)京、天津(jin)80米高風能(neng)(neng)資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)開(kai)發(fa)潛(qian)力分(fen)(fen)別僅為(wei)(wei)39萬(wan)(wan)(wan)、46萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)，分(fen)(fen)布式光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)開(kai)發(fa)上限分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)(wei)460萬(wan)(wan)(wan)、360萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)。按全部(bu)開(kai)發(fa)本地可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)測算(suan)，未來北(bei)京、天津(jin)本地可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝機占比(bi)分(fen)(fen)別達到約30%和20%，可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)占本地用電(dian)量(liang)的(de)比(bi)例僅為(wei)(wei)5%和6%，對優化(hua)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)、推(tui)動能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)型(xing)的(de)作用非常有(you)限，客觀(guan)上決定了一線城市仍然需(xu)要(yao)大(da)量(liang)接受(shou)外來可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力。
積極推動可(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)跨(kua)區外(wai)(wai)送 可(ke)再(zai)生能源(yuan)外(wai)(wai)送電量規模創新高
加(jia)快(kuai)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源配套跨(kua)區(qu)電(dian)網建(jian)設，為(wei)“三北”地(di)區(qu)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源能(neng)源大規模外送(song)創造條件。目前納入大氣污染防治行動計(ji)劃“四交(jiao)四直(zhi)(zhi)”特(te)(te)高(gao)壓輸電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)全部(bu)開工(gong)建(jian)設，已建(jian)成(cheng)投運寧東(dong)～浙江±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、錫盟(meng)～山東(dong)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、蒙西(xi)(xi)～天津(jin)南(nan)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、哈密～鄭州±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)，線(xian)(xian)路長度(du)合計(ji)達到5168公(gong)里，輸送(song)能(neng)力3300萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦，對西(xi)(xi)北和蒙西(xi)(xi)地(di)區(qu)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源外送(song)東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)消納發揮(hui)了(le)重要作用。加(jia)快(kuai)推進酒泉～湖(hu)南(nan)±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、扎魯特(te)(te)～山東(dong)±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)、準東(dong)～皖南(nan)±1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)程(cheng)，線(xian)(xian)路長度(du)合計(ji)達到6941公(gong)里，輸送(song)能(neng)力3000萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦。
積極組(zu)織(zhi)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，擴大(da)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消納市(shi)場。2016年(nian)，北京(jing)電(dian)力交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)中心掛牌成立(li)，發揮大(da)電(dian)網、大(da)市(shi)場、大(da)平臺優化(hua)配置(zhi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)優勢(shi)，全年(nian)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)各類交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)1200余次，完成包括可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)在內(nei)的(de)市(shi)場化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)電(dian)量7907億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，同比增(zeng)(zeng)長59%。組(zu)織(zhi)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)電(dian)量3332億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，同比增(zeng)(zeng)長10.3%。其中，完成國家(jia)計劃、政府(fu)間協議(yi)2760億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，同比增(zeng)(zeng)長11.7%；多措并舉(ju)組(zu)織(zhi)市(shi)場化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)572億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，同比增(zeng)(zeng)長3.9%。創新(xin)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)市(shi)場化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)方式，開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)力援疆、新(xin)疆可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送(song)電(dian)量增(zeng)(zeng)加3.69億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)直(zhi)接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，通過寧(ning)東～浙(zhe)江(jiang)特高壓輸電(dian)線路完成可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)直(zhi)接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)電(dian)量18億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)風火發電(dian)權交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，寧(ning)夏新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)替代上(shang)海火電(dian)機組(zu)0.74億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。組(zu)織(zhi)啟動跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)跨(kua)省(sheng)現(xian)貨市(shi)場，2017年(nian)1月份，組(zu)織(zhi)現(xian)貨交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)共計105筆1.8億(yi)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。
充分發(fa)揮大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)優勢(shi)，加強全(quan)網(wang)調峰資(zi)源和通(tong)道富余送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力的(de)集中監控，盡最大可(ke)能(neng)(neng)利(li)用(yong)現有跨區線路輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力輸(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)(song)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源。低(di)谷時(shi)段將(jiang)跨省跨區送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率提高(gao)，最大限(xian)度(du)輸(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)(song)新能(neng)(neng)源。東(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)通(tong)過提高(gao)高(gao)嶺背靠背直流(liu)低(di)谷時(shi)段送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率，增加風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)華(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。2015、2016年(nian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)送(song)(song)(song)華(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)分別(bie)(bie)為53億(yi)、61億(yi)千瓦時(shi)，占東(dong)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)比(bi)例為13%、14%。華(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)利(li)用(yong)蒙(meng)西外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)通(tong)道低(di)谷富余容量(liang)，增加蒙(meng)西風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)外(wai)送(song)(song)(song)。2015、2016年(nian)蒙(meng)西送(song)(song)(song)華(hua)北(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)分別(bie)(bie)達到85億(yi)、84億(yi)千瓦時(shi)，占蒙(meng)西風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)比(bi)例分別(bie)(bie)為33%、29%。
通過多方面的努力，近年(nian)來“三北(bei)”地區可再生能(neng)源外送(song)至(zhi)東(dong)中部電(dian)量不(bu)斷提(ti)高(gao)。風電(dian)和太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發電(dian)等可再生能(neng)源外送(song)電(dian)量從2010年(nian)1.5億(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)提(ti)高(gao)到(dao)2016年(nian)的363億(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)，年(nian)均增長150%。
著力(li)打(da)破省間(jian)壁(bi)壘 提高“三北(bei)”可再生能源外送(song)電量比(bi)例
雖(sui)然(ran)目(mu)前“三北(bei)”地區可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)外送東中(zhong)部的電(dian)量不斷提高，但(dan)支撐東中(zhong)部一(yi)線(xian)城市(shi)實現(xian)清潔(jie)發展轉(zhuan)型還(huan)不夠。按照2020年北(bei)京(jing)、天津可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費電(dian)量占本地用電(dian)量比例均(jun)達(da)到20%測算，需要接受外來可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)量分別約為(wei)194億、162億千瓦時，而2016年全年接納(na)的可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)量僅(jin)為(wei)45億、36億千瓦時。
未來(lai)需要大(da)力提高東中部(bu)一線城(cheng)市(shi)接納外(wai)(wai)來(lai)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源電量比(bi)例。但當前(qian)突出(chu)問題是，可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源跨(kua)(kua)區外(wai)(wai)送(song)面臨嚴(yan)重(zhong)的省(sheng)間壁壘(lei)。國(guo)內經(jing)濟形勢尚(shang)未回暖，電力供大(da)于求(qiu)，可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源由(you)于沒有(you)配套的國(guo)家(jia)計劃，加(jia)之具(ju)有(you)隨(sui)機(ji)性，帶來(lai)輔助服務問題，跨(kua)(kua)區消納的壁壘(lei)更加(jia)突出(chu)。目前(qian)，各(ge)地政(zheng)府普遍對(dui)省(sheng)間交易(yi)進行行政(zheng)干預，干預力度(du)不斷(duan)加(jia)大(da)。部(bu)分省(sheng)份經(jing)濟主管部(bu)門要求(qiu)電網企業在本(ben)省(sheng)發電機(ji)組達(da)到(dao)一定利用小(xiao)時數(shu)前(qian)，不得購買低價外(wai)(wai)來(lai)電，嚴(yan)重(zhong)制約可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源跨(kua)(kua)區外(wai)(wai)送(song)。
當務之(zhi)急(ji)是加快構(gou)建(jian)(jian)全國統一電(dian)力市(shi)場，建(jian)(jian)立有利于打破省(sheng)間壁壘(lei)(lei)、促(cu)進可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源跨(kua)區消納的電(dian)價機制(zhi)和配額(e)制(zhi)度(du)。完善中(zhong)長期和現(xian)貨市(shi)場交(jiao)易(yi)體(ti)系，搭建(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源參與的跨(kua)區資源優化配置平臺(tai)，通過市(shi)場機制(zhi)推動打破省(sheng)間壁壘(lei)(lei)，促(cu)進可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源在更(geng)大(da)范圍消納。推動落實可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源配額(e)制(zhi)度(du)，支(zhi)持建(jian)(jian)立配額(e)制(zhi)和綠色(se)證書交(jiao)易(yi)相結合(he)的市(shi)場化補貼政策，積(ji)極制(zhi)定“十三五”分(fen)年度(du)東中(zhong)部地區各省(sheng)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源電(dian)量占比指標，明確(que)消納責任，建(jian)(jian)立考核機制(zhi)。